Term
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Definition
| a specific sequence of ribonucleotide bases found in mRNA that specifies each amino acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Polymers of the 20 amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Each dodon specifies only one amino acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Many amino acids are specified by more than one codon. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most redundant codons for the same amino acid are the same except at the third codon position. |
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Term
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Definition
| Each base is part of only one codon. Each base is only read once during translation. |
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Term
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Definition
| with a few minor exceptions, the same code is used in all living things. |
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Term
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Definition
| The 5' base on the anticodon, which binds to the 3' base on the mRNA, is not as spatially confined as the other two bases, and could thus have non-standard base pairing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Modified base found only in tRNA can pair with C,U, or A |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Mutation from a normal codon to a termination codon. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conversion of stop codon to amino acid encoding codon. |
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Term
| Template Strand and Partner Strand |
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Definition
| Two strads of DNA that act as a template in forming a single-stranded mRNA molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| Holoenzyme consisting of several enzymes working together. Carries out transcription from 3' to 5' along the template DNA adding nucleotides to the 3' end of mRNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| sequences of DNA that are the points of attachment for RNA polymerase |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| About 10 bases upstream or toward the 3' end of the gene to be transcribed. |
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Term
| Major Promoters in Prokaryotes (3) |
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Definition
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Term
| Sigma Subunit of RNA Polymerase |
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Definition
| Recognizes and binds to the promoter. |
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Term
| Beta and Beta' Subunits of RNA Polymerase |
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Definition
| Perform the actual transcription. |
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Term
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Definition
| Direction mRNA is built in transcription. |
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Term
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Definition
| Direction template DNA strand is read in transcription. |
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Term
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Definition
| Related genes are contiguous and transcribed as a unit. Rare in eukaryotes |
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Term
| Overlapping genes in virus ФX174 |
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Definition
| Multiple initiation codons out of frame. |
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Term
| RNA Polymerases I, II, III. |
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Definition
| Three types of RNA polymerase used in Eukaryotic transcription. |
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Term
| Posttranscriptional Modifications in Eukaryotic Transcription (2) |
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Definition
| Splicing and Caps & Tails. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| occur near (promoter region + enhancers) (next to) the same DNA molecule as the gene being transcribed |
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Term
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Definition
| occur further away or on different chromosomes (Transcription factors (proteins)) |
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Term
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Definition
| seven nucleotide long element about -35 (or upstream) of gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| - upstream of TATA box - increases transcriptional efficiency (-80) Eukaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| position can vary but are necessary for maximally efficient transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| Heterogeneous nuclear RNA. Raw mRNA transcripts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins. Complex of hnRNA and proteins. |
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Term
| 7'methylguanosine (7mg) and function (2) |
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Definition
| Cap added to 5' end of hnRNA. Provides protection from nucleases and transports into cytoplasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Added to 3' end of hnRNA. Last 10-35 ribonucleotides removed. AAUAAA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Expressed parts of genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Useless segements of genes that aren't expressed. Are spliced out of hnRNA to form mature mRNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that splices introns out of hnRNA to form mRNA. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins. Uracil rich. Components bind to intron recognition sites. |
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Term
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Definition
| Twisted mRNA due to snRNPs. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Insertion/Deletion Editing |
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Definition
| Total number of nucleotides is increased or decreased. |
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