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| study of how traits are inherited from one generation to the next |
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| Mendel's 4 principles of inheritance |
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-genes exist in alternative forms
-an organism has one allele from each parent
-the two alleles segregate during meiosis
-if two alleles are different, one is dominant |
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-1st law
-allele pairs separate during meiosis and randomly unite during gamete formation |
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-2nd law
-during gamete formation the segregation of alleles of one allelic pair is independent of the segregation of alleles of another allelic pair |
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| blending of parental phenotypes in a heterozygote |
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-heterozygotes show both parental phenotypes unblended
-blood type |
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-genes located on sex chromosomes
-hemophilia and color blindness |
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| men pass X chromosome only to their |
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| sex linked recessives generally only affect |
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| fruit fly (drosophila) advantages |
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-reproduces often
-reproduces in large numbers
-chromosomes are easily recognizable
-chromosomes are few
-frequent mutations |
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| can often affect the expression of a gene |
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| -deoxyrubose (sugar) bonded to phosphate group and nitrogenous base |
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| many codons code for an amino acid |
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-ribose (sugar)
-U instead of T
-usually single stranded |
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| carries complement of a DNA sequence from nucleus to ribosomes |
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| brings amino acids to ribosomes |
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structural component of ribosomes and is the most abundant RNA type
-synthesized in nucleolus |
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-mRNA to amino acids
-occurs in cytoplasm |
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-composed of 2 subunits (proteins and rRNA)
-3 binding sites |
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| binds to tRNA attached to growing polypeptide chain |
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| binds to incoming aminoacyl-tRNA complex |
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-ribosome binds to mRNA
-tRNA base pairs with start codon |
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| -hydrogen bonds form between mRNA codon and its complementary anticodon |
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| STOP codon signals translation to stop |
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| intermolecular cross bridges |
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| failure to seperate properly |
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| may occur spontaneously or be induced by environmental factors |
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| changes in genetic information of a cell coded in the DNA |
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| nucleic acid replaced by another nucleic acid |
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| new codon codes for same amino acid |
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| new codon codes for a different amino acid |
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| new codon codes for STOP codon |
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-single molecule of ds circular DNA contained in nucleiod region
-plasmids
-episomes |
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| small circular rings of DNA containing accessory genes |
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| plasmids that are capable of integration into the bacterial genome |
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| begin at a unique origin and proceeds in both directions simultaneously 5' to 3' |
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| bacterial cells reproduce by |
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-transformation
-conjugation
-transduction |
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| -process by which a foreign chromosome fragment (plasmid) is incorporated into the bacterial chromosome via recombination |
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-transfer of genetic material between 2 bacteria temporarily joined
-only between plasmids called sex factors |
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| -occurs when fragments of the bacterial chromosome accidentally become packaged into viral progeny produced during viral infection |
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| regulation of gene expression (transcription) enables prokaryotes to control their.. |
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| -structural genes, operator gene and promotor gene |
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| nontranscribable DNA that is the repressor binding site |
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| noncoding sequence of DNA that serves as an intial binding site of RNA polymerase |
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| codes for the synthesis of a repressor molecule which binds to the operator and blocks RNA polymerase |
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| for transcription to occur, an inducer must bind to the repressor |
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-repressor is inactive until it combines with a corepressor
-often end biproducts of the biosynthetic pathways they control |
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| incapable of being turned off |
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| -phage DNA takes control of bacterium genetic machinery and manufactures numerous progeny -bacterial cells burst releasing new virions |
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-bacteriophage becomes integrated into bacterial genome in a harmless from
-may enter lytic cycle |
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| lethal dominant genes are less common because... |
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| they kill homo dom and heterozygotes, lowering their freq in the gene pool |
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| sex linked recessive gene is carried on the |
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