Term
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Definition
Clonal process that duplicates a cell into 2 daughter cells
plays the role of organismal growth and repair
Preserves genetic continuity within the individual |
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Term
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Definition
restricted by area
produces non identical daughter cells
promotes variability |
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Term
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Definition
| Mitosis phase where growth and doubling of ribosomes returns cell to normal size |
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Term
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Definition
Replication of Genetic Material
4N or tetraploid |
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Term
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Definition
a chromosome has different alleles at identical loci.
Aa |
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Term
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Definition
a chromosome that has identical alleles at the loci
AA or aa |
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Term
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Definition
condensation of genetic material, allowing for movement
centriole divides and migrates to poles forming spindle/microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
Homologous chromosomes line up at the equator of cell
unique from meiosis b/c homologous pairs are separate |
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Term
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Definition
| separation of homologous by centromere ratcheting on microtubule |
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Term
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Definition
reversal of prophase and decondensation of chromosomes and dissolution of spindle
reformation of nuclear membrane |
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Term
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Definition
breakup of cells by cleavage
plasma membrane is pulled in |
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Term
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Definition
5 subphases that cover condensation, spindle formation, and membrane dissolution
Leptonema
Zygonema
Pachynema
Diplonema
Diakinesis |
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Term
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Definition
condensation begins and small buds (chromomeres) form chromosomes
some regions condense quicker than others |
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Term
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Definition
synapsis occurs during the pairing of homologues
end of pairing signals end of subphase |
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Term
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Definition
homologues are held together at synaptonemal complex w/ protein
crossing over can occur |
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Term
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Definition
homologous pair that is physically bonded
each homologue has 2 sister chromatids
exchange of material must be between non sisters
creates 4 unique chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
dissolution of synaptonemal complex, allowing chromosomes to move
chiasma (crossing over location) observable
enhanced by condensation |
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Term
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Definition
continued condensation
termination of chiasmata
spindle tugs slightly |
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Term
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Definition
| same as mitosis, but homologues are not independent |
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Term
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Definition
no centromeric replication
spindle fibers pull to poles
homologues are being separated, creating unique daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
nuclear membrane reforms, decondensation
can be skipped |
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Term
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Definition
A cell after S phase
chromosomally 2N
DNA amount is 4N |
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Term
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Definition
A cell after Meiosis I
Chromosomally haploid (N)
DNA diploid 2N |
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Term
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Definition
after Meiosis II
completely haploid |
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Term
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Definition
sister chromatid that shares a centromere
half of a bivalent |
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Term
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Definition
| Haploid Chromosomes (after MII) |
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Term
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Definition
Random events with independent loci that are heterozygous
2^N genetically possible outcomes |
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Term
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Definition
Unit factors are deterministics
UF occur in pairs
UF are dominant or recessive
each parents contributes only 1 UF
UF selection is random |
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Term
| Heterozygous Dihybrid cross ratio |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| example of human blood type |
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Term
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Definition
| Interaction between alleles of different loci |
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Term
| Simple recessive epistasis |
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Definition
9:3:4 where masking takes place
example of agouti mice where dominant A allowed for color, and recessive a masked color
Allele b determined agouti or Black |
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Term
| Double Recessive epistasis |
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Definition
9:7
masking by ANY recessive homozygous pair |
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Term
| Simple Dominant Epistasis |
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Definition
12:3:1
masking by one dominant single allele |
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Term
| Double Dominant Epistasis |
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Definition
15:1
any single dominant Allele masks recessive |
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Term
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Definition
the phenotype is dominant for lethality, but recessive in the genetics.
Heterozygous survives, but homozygous dominant dies |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Fixed Gene Sex Determination |
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Definition
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Term
| Facultative Gene Sex Determination |
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Definition
| environment determines sex |
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Term
| Chromosomal Determination of Sex |
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Definition
| Change in #, Change in ploidy, Chromosomal heteromorphism |
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Term
| Chromosomal Heteromorphism |
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Definition
XX,XY where males are hetero, females homo
ZZ,ZW where males are homo, females are hetero |
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Term
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Definition
difference in size and shape between the sex chromosomes
male chromosome is hemizygous, where the male chromosome is haploid at one locus |
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Term
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Definition
| centromere is in the center of the chromosome. Equal length arms |
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Term
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Definition
| long and short arm are skewed |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes with a terminal centromere, or only 2 arms instead of 4 |
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Term
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Definition
Determination that deals with Sex chromosomes only
differentiate this from sex limited or sex influence by doing reciprocal cross |
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Term
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Definition
| Performing the same genetic cross but with the sex of the parents reversed |
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Term
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Definition
| The dominance of a certain characteristic is reversed with sex. Horns/No horns with male/female bovine |
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Term
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Definition
| Expression in one sex, but not in the other. Feathering of cocks and chickens. |
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Term
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Definition
multiple loci affect the phenotype
yields continuous variation
Additive and non additive |
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Term
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Definition
| contribute to the phenotype with roughly equal weight |
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Term
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Definition
| do not contribute to the phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 locus affects multiple characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| sudden reappearance of ancestral phenotypes |
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Term
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Definition
| This means that many loci are inherited together. This reduces the # of combos |
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Term
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Definition
| 100% Parental genes, no crossing over |
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Term
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Definition
| give 2 parental genes and 2 recombinants |
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Term
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Definition
Linkage is masked by crossover frequency
any crossover between A&B affects C
the closer together genes are, the less frequent the effect |
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Definition
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