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| transfer of genetic information from DNA by the synthesis of an RNA molecule copied from a DNA template |
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| the derivation of the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide from the base sequence of an mRNA molecule in association with a ribosome |
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| the strand of DNA that is not transcribed |
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| the strand of DNA that is transcribed |
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| reflects the length of DNA that is synthesized by an enzyme before it dissociates from the template; RNA polymerase can copy >10,000 nucleotides without falling off |
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| region having a regulatory function and to which RNA polymerase binds prior to the initiation of transcription |
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| TATA box (Goldberg-Hogness box) |
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| a short nucleotide sequence 20 to 30 bp upstream from the initiation site of eukaryotic genes to which RNA polymerase II binds;consensus sequence is TATAAAA |
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| a highly conserved DNA sequence found in the un-translated promoter region of eukaryotic genes;recognized by transcription factors |
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| a region of a DNA molecule that interacts with a specific repressor protein to control the expression of an adjacent gene or gene set |
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| a basically common, though not necessarily identical, sequence of nucleotides in DNA or amino acids in proteins |
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| heterogenous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) |
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Definition
| the collection of RNA transcripts in the nucleus, representing precursors and processing intermediates to rRNA, mRNA, and tRNA; also represents RNA transcripts that will not be transported to the cytoplasm, such as snRNA |
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| a portion of DNA between coding regions in a gene that is transcribed but does not appear in the mRNA product |
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| the DNA segments of a gene that are transcribed and translated into proteins |
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| RNAs that are capable of splicing themselves |
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| a triplet of nucleotides that specifies or encodes the information for a single amino acid;sixty-one codons specify the amino acids used in proteins, and three codons called stop condons signal termination of growth of the polypeptide chain |
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| a unit of measure for the rate at which particles sediment in a cetrifugal field; this unit is a function of several physiochemical properties, including size and shape; 1 X 10^-3 is one Svedberg; not additive |
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| a mutation that changes that changes an amino acid codon into a termination codon: UAG, UAA, or UGA; leads to premature termination during translation of mRNA |
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| if the gene for a tRNA is mutated in the anticodon so that the stop codon is now read by the tRNA |
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| a molecule composed of one or more polypeptides, each composed of amino acids covalently linked together |
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| a molecule made up of amino acids joined by covalent peptide bonds; this term is used to denote the amino acid chain before it assumes its 3D configuratin |
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| sequences between 50 and 300 amino acids; represented by modular portions of the protein that fold into stable, unique conformations independently of the rest of the molecule |
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| the time with a specific developmental fate for a cell becomes fixed |
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| the process of complex changes by which cells and tissues attain their adult structure and function |
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| the property of a system that regulates its internal environment and tends to maintain a stable, constant condition |
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| genes that are on all the time |
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| consecutive genes regulated and transcribed together; polycistronic mRNA |
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| genes scattered, but regulated together |
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| a protein binds to the DNA which decreases transcription |
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| a protein binds to the DNA which increases transcription |
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| an effector molecule that activates transcription |
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| a protein that binds to a regulatory sequence adjacent to a gene and blocks transcription of that gene |
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| a nucleotide sequence between the promoter and the structural gene of some operons that regulates the transit of RNA polymerase, reducing transcription of the related structural gene |
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| sequences that enhance transcription; can act over a distance of thousands of base pairs and can be located upstream, downstream, or internal to the gene they affect |
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| a lactose derivative that acts as the inducer for the lac operon |
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| catabolite activator protein; a protein that binds cAMP and regulates the activation of inducible operons |
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| protein that recruits the RNA polymerase |
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