Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 5 carbon sugar in a dna nucleotide |
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Term
| adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine |
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Definition
adenine: one of twu purine nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA
cytosine: One of two pyrimidine bases
Guanine:purine
thymine: pyrimidine |
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Term
| Fredrich Miescher, Frederick Griffith, Oswald Colin and Maclyn, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, James Watson and Francis Crick |
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Definition
isolated nuclein in white blood cell nuclei
transfered killing ability between types of bacteria
discovered dna transmits kiling ability in bacteria
determined that the part of a virus that infects and replicates is its nucleic acid and not its protein
discovered dna components, proportions, and positions
elucidated dna's three dimensional structure |
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Term
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Definition
| the rails of a dna double helix, consiting of alternating deoxyribose and phosphate groups, oritened opposite one another |
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Term
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Definition
| the head to tail position of the entwined chain of Dna double helix |
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Term
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Definition
| the pairs of dna bases that hydrogen bond, adenine bonds to thyamine and guanine to cytosine |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of protein around which dna entwines |
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Term
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Definition
| a unit of chromatin structure |
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Term
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Definition
| dna and its associated histone proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| dna synthesis along each half od the double helix |
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Term
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Definition
| locally opened portion of a replicating dna double helix |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme that adds new bases to replicating dna and corrects mismatched base pairs |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of covlaent bonds in the sugar phosphate backbone of a nucelic acid |
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Term
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Definition
| manufactoring rna from dna |
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Term
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Definition
| assembly of an amino acid chain according to the sequence of base triplets in a molecule of mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the four types of bases in RNA; pyrimidine |
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Term
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Definition
| three dimensional shape of a molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| a molecule of rna complementary in sequence to the template strand of a gene that specifies a protein product |
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Term
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Definition
| a continuous triplet of mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| associate with protein to form ribosomes, which structurally support and catalyze protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| transporrts specific mino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| a three base sequence on one loop of a transfer rna molecule that is complementary to a mrna codon and brings together the appropriate amino acides and its mrna |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein that activates the transcriptino of certain genes |
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Term
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Definition
| a control sequence near the start of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| the correspondence between specific ran triplets and the amino acids specificially |
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Term
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Definition
| the grouping of dna base triplets encoding an amino acid sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| dna triplets that specify the same amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| a codon that encoes a different amino acid from another codon |
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Term
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Definition
| the amino acid sequence of a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| folds in a polypeptide caused by attractions between amino acids lose together in the primary structure |
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Term
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Definition
| folds in polypeptide caused by interactions between amino acids and water. This draws together amino acids that are far apart in the primary structure |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein that has more than one polypeptide subunit |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein that binds a polypeptide and guides folding |
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Term
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Definition
| a multiprotein structure in a cell shaped like a barrel through which misfolded proteins pass and are refolded or dismantled |
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Term
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Definition
| a mutation in every cell in an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| a genetic change in a nonsex cell |
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Term
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Definition
| a single base change mutation that alters an amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| a point mutation that changes an amino acid codiing codon to a stop codon, prematurely terminating synthessis of encoded protein |
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Term
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Definition
| a missing sequence of dna or part of a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| a mutaiton that shifts dna |
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Term
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Definition
| a duplicated dna sequence next to the original sequence |
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Term
| comparative genmoic hybridization |
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Definition
| a technique using fluorescent labels to detect copy number differeces at specific parts of genome |
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Term
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Definition
| a genotype that is expressed only under crtain enviornmental conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme catalyzed removal of pyrimidine dimers in dna |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of up to 5 bases to correct damage due to reative oxygen species |
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Term
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Definition
| proofreading of dna for misallignment of short, repeated segments |
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Term
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Definition
| is the study of chromosome aberrations and their effects on phenotypes |
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Term
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Definition
| dark staining chromosome parts that have few protein encoding genes |
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Term
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Definition
| light straining and contains many protein encoding genes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the largest constriction in a chromosome, located at a specific site in each chromosome type |
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Term
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Definition
| a size order chromsome chart |
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Term
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Definition
| a chromosome with the cnetromere approximately in the center |
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Term
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Definition
| a chromosome in which the cnetromere establishes a long arm and a short arm |
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Term
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Definition
| a chromosome in which the centromere is located near one end |
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Term
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Definition
| a prenatal diagnostic procedure performed on a small sample of amniotic fluid, which contains fetal cells and biochmeicals. A chromosome chart is constructed from cultured fetal cells and tests for inborn errors of metabolism are done on fetal biochemicals. |
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Term
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Definition
| a prental diagnostic technique that analyzers chromosomes in chorionic villus cells, which, like the fetus, descend from the fertilized ovum |
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Term
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Definition
| a somatic cell with the normal number of chromosomes for the species |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell with one or more extra set of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell with one or more extra or missing chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| a human cell with 47 chromosomes (one extra) |
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Term
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Definition
| a human cell with 45 chromosomes (one less) |
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Term
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Definition
| the unequal partitioning of chromosomes into gametes during meiosis |
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Term
| robertsonian translocation |
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Definition
| a chromosome aberrationin which two short arms of nonhomologus chromosomes break and the long arms fuse, forming one unusual large chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| a chromosome aberration in which two nonhomologus chromosomes exchange parts, conserving genetic balance but rearranging genes |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual with exchanged chromosomes but no signs or symptoms. the person has the usual amount of genetic material, but it is rearranged |
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Term
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Definition
| an inverted chromosome that does not include the centromere |
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Term
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Definition
| an inverted chromosome that includes the centromere |
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Term
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Definition
| inheriting two copies of the same gene from one parent |
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Term
| hardy weinberg equilibrium |
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Definition
| an idealized state in which gene frequencies in a population do not change from generation to generation |
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Term
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Definition
VNTRs: repeats of 10 to 80 dna bases that are compared in dna profiles
STRs: repeats of 2 to 10 dna bases that are compared in dna profiliing |
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Term
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Definition
| biotechnology that detects differences in the number of copies of certain dna repeats among individuals used to rule out or establish identity |
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Term
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Definition
| allele frequencies that change from one geographical area to another |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in gene frequencies in a small group reproductively seperated from the larger population |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of genetic drift in which a few individuals found a new settlement |
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Term
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Definition
| the collection of deleterious recessive alleles in a population |
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Term
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Definition
| maintenance of a harmful recessive allele in a population because the heterozygote has a reproductive advantage |
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Term
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Definition
| animals ancestral to aples and humans only |
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Term
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Definition
| animals ancestral to humans only |
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Term
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Definition
| correspondance of genes on the same chromosome in several species |
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Term
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Definition
| the control of individual cell containing organelles including a nucleus |
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