Term
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Definition
| the subset of all protein coding genes in a genome |
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Term
| what biological functions made up the largest percentages in the Arabadopsis proteome? |
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Definition
metabolism 22%
transcription 15%
disease and defense 13% |
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Term
| in what stage of mitosis does dna replication occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| who conducted the experiment that confirmed that DNA was semi-conservative? |
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Definition
| Meselson and Stahl (spell) |
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Term
| how was the semiconservative nature of DNA proven? |
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Definition
| E.coli grown in media with radioactive Nitrogen. % of radioactive DNA decreased by half with each subsequent generation after transferred to normal environment. densities affected |
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Term
| what would the meselson-stahl experiment look like if dna was conservative? |
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Definition
| every generation would have same density |
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Term
| explain the dispersive model of dna replication |
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Definition
| fragments of old strands conserved |
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Term
| at what end of a growing dna strand are new nucleotides added? |
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Definition
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Term
| what direction does dna strand 'grow'? |
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Definition
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Term
| what enzyme addes new nucleotides? |
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Definition
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Term
| what enzyme connects okazaki fragments? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is attached to the beginning of each okazaki fragment? |
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Definition
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Term
| why are primers essential? |
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Definition
| dna polymerase only adds to existing segment, does not create a segment |
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Term
| what enzyme starts the actual okazaki fragment? |
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Definition
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Term
| what enzyme removes the RNA primers and replaces the space with DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the order of events in creating an okazaki fragment? |
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Definition
1. RNA primer copied
2. DNA polymerase III addes nucleotides to primer
3. DNA polymerase I removes primer and adds additional nucleotides
4. DNA ligase attaches fragments |
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Term
| what enzyme relieves supercoiling? |
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Definition
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Term
| when does supercoiling occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| what enzyme unwinds the double helix? |
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Definition
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Term
| what prevents the rejoining of 2 seperated strands? |
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Definition
| single stranded binding proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme such as DNA polymerase where there are 2 distinct parts/ends - one for each strand |
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Term
| describe the end replication problem |
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Definition
| primer is needed to start replication of leading strand. this matches with the beginning of the original strand but is then removed so a small part of dna is lost at each replication |
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Term
| what is the solution to the end replication problem? |
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Definition
| the ends of dna have many repeated segments that are expendable |
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Term
| what enzyme creates the repeating end units that are sacrificed in replication? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 5 substages of prophase I? |
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Definition
Leptotene
Zygotene
Pachytene
Diplotene
Diakinesis |
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Term
| what are the 2 types of tetrad in genetics? |
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Definition
1. the aligned, paired homologs with sister chromatids
2. the 4 gametes produced by meiosis |
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Term
| in what stage does crossing over occur? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the last stage of Prophase I? |
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Definition
| chromatin condenses into csomes |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the 8 spores formed by some molds (extra mitosis at end of meiosis) |
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Term
| what were the main findings of mendels single gene cross experiments? |
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Definition
1. hereditary factors are partices
2. each individual has 2 of each type of particle
3. one particle dominates the other
4. each gamete gets only one of the 2 particles
5. male and female gametes fuse at random |
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Term
| what does F mean in genetic crosees? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define Mendel's First Law. |
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Definition
| Law of Segregation: the alleles of each gene segregate into gametes so that each gamete gets only one copy of each gene |
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Term
| when did Mendel publish his results? When was it doscovered that genes were his hereditary 'particles'? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the transient dipoid stage in haploid organisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| what can determine sex in some organisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two regions of sex chromosomes? |
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Definition
pairing region
differential region |
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Term
| what is the heterogametic sex? |
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Definition
| the sex that results from having 2 different sex chromosome? (males in humans) |
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Term
| what does hemizygous mean? |
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Definition
| means having only one allele for a gene |
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Term
| in humans, where are hemizygous genes found? |
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Definition
| in males on the differential region of the x or y chromosome |
|
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Term
| explain the difference in sex determination of humans and flies? |
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Definition
Y chromosome = male human always
X X = female fly even if there is a Y |
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Term
| how do you show sexlinked carrier on a pedigree? |
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Definition
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Term
| who is the propositus in a pedigree? |
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Definition
| the affected individual who brings the condition to the analyzers attention (not physically) |
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Term
| how can you determine that a condition is autosomal recessive? |
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Definition
both males and females affected equally
affected progeny from unaffected parents |
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Term
| how can you determine autosomal dominance? |
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Definition
| affected progeny always have affected parents |
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Term
| what is an example of an autosomal dominant condition? |
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Definition
Huntington's Disease
Achondroplasia |
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Term
| what are the signs that an x-linked recessive trait? |
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Definition
more males than females affected
no affected offspring from affected males (if female homo wild)
unaffected parents can have affected male offspring
father of affected females are affected |
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Term
| what translation machinery do organellar genomes use? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the 2 methods of genetic recombination? |
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Definition
independant assortment
crossing over |
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Term
| what type of recombination occurs on unlinked csomes? linked? |
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Definition
independant assortment
crossing over |
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Term
| what clue shows that genes are on diff. csomes? |
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Definition
| 50% parental and 50% recombinant |
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Term
| what does a 1:1 ratio in a single gene cross signify? |
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Definition
| one parent heterozygous, one parent homozygous recessive |
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Term
| what does a 1:3 ratio signify in a single gene cross? |
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Definition
| both parents heterozygous |
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Term
| what does a 1:1:1:1 ratio signify in a 2 gene cross? |
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Definition
| one parent is hetorozygous for both genes, the other is a tester (homo for both) |
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Term
| what does a 9:3:3:1 ratio signify in a 2 gene cross? |
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Definition
both parents are heterozygous for both genes
genes are unlinked |
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Term
| what is mendel's second law? |
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Definition
| Law of Independant assortment: unlinked or distantly linked segregating gene pairs assort independantly at meiosis resulting in a 50% recombinant frequency (RF) |
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Term
| what is signified in a 2 gene cross if all of the progeny show parental phenotypes? |
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Definition
| genes are linked with no crossing over |
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