Term
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Definition
all of the
DNA found within all of our chromosomes |
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Term
| The study of the human genome provides |
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Definition
| fundamental molecular details |
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Term
| The knowledge gained from the Human Genome Project will lead to... |
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Definition
| improvements in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease |
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Term
Genetics is the study of ?
It is the unifying discipline in |
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Definition
| heredity and variation; biology |
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Term
Genetics is the study of ?
It is the unifying discipline in |
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Definition
| heredity and variation; biology |
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Term
| segment of DNA that produces a functional product is called a ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Genes provide the blueprint that determines the ? of an organism |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells contain four main types of large molecules. They are... |
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Definition
Nucleic acids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids |
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Term
| Nucleic acids, proteins and carbohydrates are termed... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Polymers constructed from smaller molecules called monomers |
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Term
| What do proteins determine? |
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Definition
| cellular structure and function |
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Term
| Example of a structural protein and its function |
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Definition
Tubulin
Aggregates to form microtubules
Plays role in cell shape and movement |
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Term
| Example of a contractile protein and its function |
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Definition
| Myosin plays a role in muscle contraction |
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Term
| Example of a hormonal protein and its function |
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Definition
Insulin
Regulates the level of glucose in the blood |
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Term
| Enzymes are an important group of ? that are ... |
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Definition
| proteins, biological catalysts |
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Term
| Catabolic enzymes are involved in ... and provide... |
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Definition
the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones
energy for the activities of the cell |
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Term
| Anabolic enzymes are involved in... and provide... |
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Definition
the synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones
components for the construction of the cell |
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Term
| The genetic material in most living organisms is... |
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Definition
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
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Term
| DNA encodes the information required to... |
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Definition
| synthesize all cellular proteins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four nitrogenous bases? |
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Definition
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G) |
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Term
| The DNA in living cells is contained within large structures termed |
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Definition
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Term
| Human cells have a total of ? chromosomes |
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Definition
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Term
| Each chromosome is a complex of |
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Definition
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Term
An average human chromosome contains
more than ? nucleotides
about ? different genes |
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Definition
More than a 100 million nucleotides
about 1,000 different genes |
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Term
| What are the two steps gene expression occurs in? |
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Definition
| Transcription and translation |
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Term
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Definition
| The genetic information in DNA is copied into a nucleotide sequence of ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| The nucleotide sequence in RNA is converted (using the genetic code) into the amino acid sequence of a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| any characteristic that an organism displays |
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Term
| Morphological traits affect... |
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Definition
| the appearance of the organism |
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Term
| Physiological traits affect |
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Definition
| the function of the organism |
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Term
| Behavioral traits affect... |
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Definition
| the ways an organism responds to the environment |
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Term
| Traits are controlled, at least in part, by... |
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Definition
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Term
| Differences in inherited traits among individuals within a population are referred to as... |
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Definition
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Term
| Contrasting forms within a single species are termed as |
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Definition
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Term
| Genetic variation is a result of various types of changes at the molecular level; 3 of which are... |
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Definition
Gene mutations
Changes in chromosome structure
Changes in chromosome number |
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Term
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Definition
Small differences in gene sequences
Lead to two or more expression forms or alleles of the same gene |
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Term
| What is a change in chromosome structure? |
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Definition
| Large segments of the chromosome may be lost or duplicated |
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Term
| What are changes in chromosome number? |
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Definition
Single chromosomes may be lost or gained
A whole set of chromosomes may be inherited |
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Term
| Traits are governed by both... |
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Definition
| Genes and by the Environment |
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Term
| In some cases, the environment dictates whether a disease is manifested in an individual or not. give an example. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Sexually reproducing species are diploid; have two copies of each chromosome; one from each parent |
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Term
In humans, most cells have ? chromosomes
? homologous pairs |
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Definition
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Term
| What are gametes? haploid or diploid? have how many chromosomes? |
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Definition
sperm and egg cells
haploid
23 |
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Term
| Sexual reproduction enhances... |
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Definition
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Term
| what is biological evolution? |
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Definition
| genetic makeup of a population changing over many generations |
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Term
| Biological evolution is possible because of |
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Definition
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Term
| Genetics encompasses four biological disciplines, they are... |
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Definition
Molecular
Cellular
Organismal
Population |
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Term
“Seeds” are produced by all parts of the body
Collected in the reproductive organs
Then transmitted to offspring at moment of conception |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Theory of preformationism |
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Term
Factors that control hereditary traits are malleable
They can blend together generation after generation |
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Definition
| Blending theory of inheritance |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The mating or crossing between two individuals that have different characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| offspring that result from hybridization |
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Term
| The garden pea was advantageous in study the natural laws governing plants hybrids because... |
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Definition
1. It existed in several varieties with distinct characteristics
2. Its structure allowed for easy crosses where the parents could be controlled |
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Term
| What were the two types of crosses carried out by Mendel? |
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Definition
| Self Fertilization and cross fertilzation |
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Term
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Definition
| Pollen and egg are derived from the same plant |
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Term
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Definition
| Pollen and egg are derived from different plants |
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Term
| The morphological characteristics of an organism are termed |
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Definition
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| A variety that produces the same trait over several generations is termed a |
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Definition
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Term
| Seven traits Mendel studied |
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Definition
height
flower color
flower position
seed color
see shape
pod color
pod shape |
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Term
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Definition
| a quantitative analysis of crosses may provide a mathematical relationship |
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Term
| Mendel's experiments were designed to |
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Definition
| determine the relationships that govern hereditary traits |
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Term
| Each trait Mendel studied showed two ?or forms found in the same species |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cross only two variants of one trait at a time |
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Term
| What results were evidence for refuting the blending mechanism of heredity? |
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Definition
1. The F1 generation showed only one of the two parental traits
2. The F2 generation showed an ~ 3:1 ratio of the two parental traits |
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Term
| particulate theory of inheritance |
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Definition
| The units governing traits remain unchanged from generation to generation. |
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Term
When the two factors of a single trait are different
One is ? and its effect can be seen
The other is ? and is not expressed |
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Definition
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Term
| Mendelian factors are now called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| different versions of the same gene |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual with two identical alleles |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual with two different alleles |
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Term
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Definition
| specific allelic composition of an individual trait |
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Term
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Definition
| Crossing individual plants that differ in two traits |
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Term
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Definition
| Traits not found in the parental generation |
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Term
| The Law of Independent assortment states that |
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Definition
| During gamete formation, the segregation of any pair of hereditary determinants is independent of the segregation of other pairs |
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Term
| How do modern geneticists determine the relationship between the outcome of traits and the molecular expression of genes? |
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Definition
Identify an individual with a defective copy of the gene
Observe how this copy will affect the phenotype of the organism |
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Term
| Since it is not ethical to control parental crosses with humans, what do geneticists rely on to gather this same information? |
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Definition
| pedigrees or family trees |
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Term
| Pedigree analysis is used to |
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Definition
| determine the pattern of inheritance of traits in humans |
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Term
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Definition
| the chance that the event will occur in the future |
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Term
| The accuracy of the probability prediction depends largely on |
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Definition
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Term
| Random sampling error is ? for small samples and ? for large samples |
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Definition
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Term
| To compute probability, we can use three mathematical operations they are |
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Definition
Sum rule
Product rule
Binomial expansion equation |
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Term
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Definition
| The probability that one of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is the sum of their respective individual probabilities |
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Term
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Definition
| The probability that two or more independent events will occur together is equal to the product of their respective probabilities |
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Term
| no real difference between the observed and expected values as predicted by the hypothesis or explanation a phenomena |
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Definition
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Term
| Low chi square values indicate a ? probability that the observed deviations could be due to random chance alone |
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Definition
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Term
| High chi square values indicate a ? probability that the observed deviations are due to random chance alone |
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Definition
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Term
| Mendelian inheritance describes inheritance patterns that obey two laws |
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Definition
Law of segregation
Law of independent assortment |
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Term
Prevalent alleles in a population are termed ?
These typically encode proteins that... |
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Definition
wild-type alleles
Function normally
Are made in the right amounts |
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Term
| They are likely to cause a reduction in the amount or function of the encoded protein |
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Definition
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Term
| In many human genetic diseases , the recessive allele contains a |
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Definition
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Term
| In many human genetic diseases , the recessive allele contains a |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| prevents the allele from producing a fully functional protein |
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Term
How can the wild-type phenotype of the heterozygote be explained?
Two explanations |
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Definition
1. 50% of the normal protein is enough to accomplish the protein’s cellular function
2. The heterozygote may actually produce more than 50% of the functional protein
The normal gene is “up-regulated” to compensate for the lack of function of the defective allele |
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Term
| In ? dominance the heterozygote exhibits a phenotype that is intermediate between the corresponding homozygotes |
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Definition
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Term
In some instances, a dominant allele is not expressed in a heterozygote individual this is called ?
Give an example |
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Definition
incomplete penetrance
polydactyly |
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Term
| The measure of penetrance is described at the ? level |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which a trait is expressed |
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Term
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Definition
| environmental influence on phenotypic range |
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Term
| ? is the phenomenon in which a heterozygote is more vigorous than both of the corresponding homozygotes |
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Definition
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Term
| At the molecular level, overdominance is due to |
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Definition
| alleles that produce slightly different proteins |
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Term
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Definition
Composed of two different subunits
Encoded by two alleles of the same gene |
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Term
| Heterosis is different from overdominance, because |
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Definition
| it typically involves many genes |
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Term
| temperature-sensitive conditional allele |
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Definition
| The enzyme encoded by this gene is functional only at low temperatures |
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Term
| Traits where an allele is dominant in one sex but recessive in the opposite sex |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| lethal alleles are typically the result of |
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Definition
| mutations in essential genes |
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Term
| Multiple effects of a single gene on the phenotype of an organism is called |
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Definition
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Term
| Gene interactions occur when two or more different genes influence the outcome of a |
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Definition
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Term
| ? is when the alleles of one gene mask the phenotypic effects of the alleles of another |
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Definition
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Term
| The ? describes how the transmission of chromosomes account for the Mendelian patterns of inheritance |
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Definition
| chromosome theory of inheritance |
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Term
| The chromosome theory of inheritance allows us to see the relationship between... |
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Definition
| Mendel’s laws and chromosome transmission |
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Term
| ? are structures within living cells that contain the genetic material- they contain the genes |
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Definition
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Term
| In eukaryotes the DNA-protein complex is called |
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Definition
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Term
| Biochemically, chromosomes are composed of |
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Definition
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Term
| Contains most of the genetic material in the form of two or more linear chromosomes |
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Definition
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Term
| Members of a pair of chromosomes are called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| having two sets of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| the means by which some unicellular organisms produce new individuals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| where chromosomes are replicated |
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Term
| The two copies of a replicated chromosome are termed... |
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Definition
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Term
| They are joined at the ? to form a pair of sister chromatids |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the cell accumulates the materials that are necessary for nuclear and cell division |
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Term
| The primary purpose of mitosis is to |
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Definition
| distribute the replicated chromosomes to the two daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| contains a single set of chormosomes |
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Term
| During ?, haploid cells are produced from diploid cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Meiosis I is followed by ? and then ? |
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Definition
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