Term
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Definition
| a nucleotide triplet in a tRNA molecule that aligns with a particular codon in mRNA under the influence of the ribosome; the amino acid carried by the tRNA is inserted into a growing protein chain |
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Term
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Definition
| computational information systems and analytical methods applied to biological problems such as genomic analysis |
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Term
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Definition
| a section of RNA (three nucleotide pairs in length) that encodes a single amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| analysis of the relations of the genome sequences of two or more species |
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Term
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Definition
| a chain of linked nucleotides (having deoxyribose as their sugars). Two such chains in double helical form are the fundamental substance of which genes as composed |
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Term
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Definition
| variation in the outcome of development as a consequence of random events in cell division, cell movement, and small differences in the number and location of molecules within cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell having two chromosome sets or an individual organism having two chromosome sets in each of its cells |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism having eukaryotic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell containing a nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| the classical approach to genetic analysis, in which genes are first identified by mutant alleles and mutant phenotypes and later cloned and subjected to molecular analysis |
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Term
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Definition
| the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity, which carries information from one generation to the next; a segment of DNA composed of a transcribed region and a regulatory sequence that makes transcription possible |
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Term
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Definition
| naturally occurring genetic differences between individual members of a population |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of genes. The study of inheritance |
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Term
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Definition
| the specific allelic composition of a cell – either of the entire cell or, more commonly, of a certain gene or a set of genes |
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Term
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Definition
| the cloning and molecular characterization of entire genomes |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell having one chromosome set or an organism composed of such cells |
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Term
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Definition
| an RNA molecule transcribed from the DNA of a gene; a protein is translated from this RNA molecule by the action of ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| the process that produces a gene or a chromosome set differing from that of the wild type. The gene or chromosome set that results from such a process |
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Term
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Definition
| the nitrogen base ( a purine or pyrimidine group) that forms part of a nucleotide |
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Term
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Definition
| the form taken by some character (or group of characters) in a specific individual. The detectable outward manifestations of a specific genotype |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism composed of a prokaryotic cell, such as a bacterium or a blue-green alga |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell having no nuclear membrane and hence no separate nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| a macromolecule composed of one or more AA chains; the main component of phenotypic expression |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of nitrogen base; the purine bases in DNA are A and G |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of nitrogen base; the pyrimidine bases in DNA are C and T |
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Term
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Definition
| an endonuclease that will recognize specific target nucleotide sequences in DNA and break the DNA chain at those points; a variety of these enzymes are known, and they are extensively used in genetic engineering |
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Term
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Definition
| an experimental procedure that begins with a cloned segment of DNA or a protein sequence and uses it (through directed mutagenesis) to introduce programmed mutations back into the genome to investigate function |
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Term
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Definition
| a single stranded nucleic acid similar to DNA but having ribose sugar rather than deoxyribose and uracil rather than thymine as one of the bases |
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Term
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Definition
| a complex organelle that catalyzes the translation of messenger RNA into an AA sequence; composed of proteins plus rRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| the RNA molecule copied from the DNA template strand by RNA polymerase |
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Term
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Definition
| the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template |
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Term
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Definition
| a class of small RNA molecules that bear specific AAs to the ribosome in the course of translation; an AA is inserted into the growing polypeptide chain when the anticodon of the corresponding tRNA pairs with a codon on the mRNA being translated |
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Term
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Definition
| the ribosome and tRNA-mdeiated production of a polypeptide whore AA sequence is derived from the codon sequence of an mRNA molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| a particle consisting of nucleic acid and protein that must infect a living cell to replicate and reproduce |
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Term
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Definition
| the genotype or phenotype that is found in nature or in the standard laboratory stock for a given organism |
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Term
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Definition
| a ptrotein associated with DNA polymerase 3 of E. coli that is not part of the catalytic core |
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Term
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Definition
| a term used to describe the opposite orientations of the two strands of a DNA double helix; the 5’ end of one strand aligns with the 3’ end of the other strand |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to specific pairing between A and T and between G and C |
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Term
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Definition
| a disproved model of DNA synthesis suggesting that one half of the daughter DNA molecules should have both strands composed of newly polymerized nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the two products of DNA replication composed of one template strand and one newly synthesized strand |
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Term
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Definition
| the pentose sugar in the DNA backbone |
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Term
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Definition
| a disproved model of DNA synthesis suggesting more or less random interspersion of parental and new segments in daughter DNA molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| an important enzyme in DNA replication and repair that seals the DNA backbone by catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds (connects Okasaki fragments) |
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Term
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Definition
| the structure of DNA first proposed by James Watson and Francis Crick, with two interlocking helices joined by H bonds between pairs |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of correspondences between nucleotide-pair triplets in DNA and AAs in protein |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme that breaks H bonds in DNA and unwinds the DNA during movement of the replication fork |
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Term
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Definition
| in DNA replication, the strand that is synthesized apparently in the 3’ to 5’ direction by the ligation of short fragments synthesized individually in the 5’ to 3’ direction |
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Term
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Definition
| in DNA replication, the strand that is made in the 5’ to 3’ direction by continuous polymerization at the 3’ growing tip |
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Term
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Definition
| the basic unit of eukaryotic chromosome structure; a ball of eight histone molecules that is wrapped by two coils of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| a molecule composed of a N base, a sugar, and a phosphate group; the basic building block of nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
| a small segment of single stranded DNA synthesized as part of the lagging strand in DNA replication |
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Term
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Definition
| the point of a specific sequence at which DNA replication is initiated |
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Term
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Definition
| an ion formed of foure oxygen atoms attached to a phosphorus atom or the chemical group formed by the attachment of a phosphate ion to another chemical species by an ester bond |
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Term
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Definition
| primary enzyme complex involved in prokaryotic DNA replication. has proofreading capabilities that correct replication mistakes |
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Term
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Definition
| n enzyme that makes RNA primers in DNA replication |
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Term
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Definition
| an RNA or DNA oligonucleotide that can serve as a template for DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase when annealed to a longer DNA molecule |
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Term
| Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) |
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Definition
| part of the replisome, PCNA is the eukaryotic version of the prokaryotic sliding clamp protein |
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Term
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Definition
| the point at which the two strands of DNA are separated to allow the replication of each strand |
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Term
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Definition
| the molecular machine at the replication fork that coordinates the numerous reactions necessary for the rapid and accurate replication of DNA |
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Term
| semiconservative replication |
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Definition
| the established model of DNA replication in which each double stranded molecule is composed of one parental strand and one newly polymerized strand |
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Term
| single-strand-binding (SSB) protein |
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Definition
| a protein that binds to DNA single strands and prevents the duplex from re-forming before replication |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme that, with the use of a special small RNA as a template, adds repetitive units to the ends of linear chromosomes to prevent shortening after replication |
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Term
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Definition
| the tip, or end, of a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| a molecule “mold” that shapes the structure or sequence of another molecule; for example, the nucleotide sequence of DNA acts as a template to control the nucleotide sequence of RNA during transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme that can cut and reform polynucleotide backbones in DNA to allow it to assume a more relaxed configuration |
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Term
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Definition
| a process by which different mRNAs are produced from the same primary transcript, through variations in the splicing pattern of the transcript. Multiple mRNA “isoforms” can be produced in a single cell or the different isoforms can display different tissue-specific aptterns of expression. If the alternative exons fall within the open reading frames of the mRNA isoforms, different proteins will be produced by the alternative mRNAs |
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Term
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Definition
| an RNA strand having a sequence complementary to a transcribed RNA strand |
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Term
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Definition
| a special structure, consisting of a 7-methylguanosine residue linked to the transcript by three phospjhate groups, that is added in the nucleus to the 5’ end of eukaryotic mRNA. The cap protects an mRNA from degradation and is required for translation of the mRNA in the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| the ptoein tail of the Beta subunit of RNA polymerase 2; it coordinates the processing of eukaryotic pre-mRNAs including capping, splicing, and termination |
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Term
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Definition
| the nontemplate strand of a DNA molecule having the same sequence as that in the RNA transcript |
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Term
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Definition
| an epigenetic phenomenon whereby a trangene becomes reversibly inactivated along with the gene copy in the chromosome |
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Term
| cotranscriptional processing |
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Definition
| the simultaneous transcription and processing of eukaryotic pre-mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| a way to describe the relative location of a site in a DNA or RNA molecule. A downstream site is located closer to the 3’ end of a transcription unit. |
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Term
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Definition
| the stage of transcription that follows initiation and precedes termination |
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Term
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Definition
| a gene that is normally present in an organism, in contrast with a foreign gene from a different organism that might be introduced by transgenic techniques |
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Term
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Definition
| – any nonintron section of the coding sequence of a gene; together, the exons correspond to the mRNA that is translated into protein |
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Term
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Definition
| an RNA type that plays a role without being translated |
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Term
| General transcritpion factor (GTF) |
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Definition
| a eukaryotic protein complex that does not take part in RNA synthesis but binds to the promoter region to attract and correctly position RNA polymerase 2 for transcription initiation |
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Term
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Definition
| a gene that is not expressed owing to epigenetic regulation. Unlike genes that are mutant due to DNA sequence alterations, genes inactivated by silencing can be reactivated |
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Term
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Definition
| so named because the GU and AG dinucleotides are almost always at the 5’ and 3’ ends, respectively, or introns, where they are recognized by components of the splicosome |
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Term
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Definition
| the first stage of transcription or translation. Its main function in transcription is to correctly position RNA polymerase before the elongation stage, and in translation it is to correctly position the first aminoacyl-tRNA in the P site |
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Term
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Definition
| intervening sequence – a gement of largely unknown function within a gene. This segment is initially transcribed, but the transcript is not found in the functional mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| n RNA molecule transcribed from the DNA of a gene; a protein is translated from this RNA molecule by the action of ribosomes |
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Term
|
Definition
| a class of functional RNA that regulates the amount of protein produced by a eukaryotic gene |
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Term
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Definition
| – a string of adenine nucleotides added to mRNA after transcription |
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Term
| Posttranscriptional processing |
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Definition
| modifications of AA side groups after a protein has been released from the ribosome |
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Term
|
Definition
| a very large eukaryotic protein complex comprising RNA polymerase 2 and the six general transcription factors (GTFs), each of which is a multiprotein complex |
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Term
|
Definition
| eukaryotic RNA before it has been processed |
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Term
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Definition
| a regulator region that is a short distance from the 5’ end of a gene and acts as the binding site for RNA polymerase |
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Term
|
Definition
| the complete set of protein-coding genes in a genome |
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Term
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Definition
| an experiment in which cells are grown in radioactive medium for a brief period (the pulse) and then transferred to nonradioactive medium for a longer period (the chase) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| a class of RNA molecules, encoded in the nucleolar organizer, that have an intergral (but poorly understood) role in ribosome structure and function |
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Term
|
Definition
| an RNA with enzymatic activity – for instance, the self-splicing RNA molecules in tetrahymena |
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Term
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Definition
| a way of assessing the function of a gene by introducing special transgenic constructs to inactivate its mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| the mechanism of RNA interference, by which the presence of double stranded RNAs leads to the formation of short interfering RNA (siRNA) which guides the RISC complex to cleave complementary mRNAs |
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Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of an RNA strand from a DNA template. Eukaryotes possess several classes of RNA polymerase; structural genes encoding proteins are transcribed by RNA polymerase 2 |
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Term
| RNA polymerase holoenzyme |
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Definition
| he bacterial multisubunit complex composed of the four subunits of the core enzyme plus the sigma factor |
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Term
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Definition
| the collective term for the modifivations to eukaryotic RNA, including capping and splicing, that are necessary before the RNA can be transported into the cytoplasm for translation |
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Term
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Definition
| a reaction found largely in eukaryotes that removes introns and joins together exons in RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| the name of a popular theory that RNA must have been the genetic material in the first cells because only RNA is known to botyh encode genetic information and catalyze biological reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| intron that can be removed from a transcripte without the aid of a protein enzyme |
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Term
| small interfering RNA (siRNA) |
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Definition
| short double stranded RNAs produced by the cleavage of long double stranded RNAs by Dicer. interfers with expression of specific gene |
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Term
| small nuclear RNA (snRNA) |
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Definition
| any of several short RNAs found in eukaryotic nucleus, where they assist in RNA processing events |
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Term
|
Definition
| the ribonucleoprotein processing complex that removes introns from eukaryotic mRNAs |
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Term
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Definition
| a reaction that removes introns and joins together exons in RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| a general transcription factor that binds to the TATA box and assists in attracting other general transctiption factors and RNA polymerase 2 to eukaryotic promoters |
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Term
|
Definition
| a DNA sequence found in many eukaryotic genes that is located about 30bp upstream of the transcription start site |
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Term
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Definition
| he last stage of transcription; it results in the release of the RNA and RNA polymerase from the DNA template |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA mlecule copied from the DNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| the synthesis of RNA from DNA template |
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Term
|
Definition
| the site at which the double helix is unwound so that RNA polymerase can use one of the DNA strands as a template for RNA synthesis |
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Term
|
Definition
| a class of small RNA molecules that bear specific AAs to the ribosome in the course of translation; an AA is inserted into the growing polypeptide chain when the anticodon of the corresponding tRNA pairs with a codon on the mRNA being translated |
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Term
|
Definition
| a gene that has been modifiedand reintroduced into the genome |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the presence of a foreign gene in a transgenic organism that does not produce an mRNA or protein product owing to epigenetic modifications |
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Term
|
Definition
| the region of the RNA transcript at the 3’ end downstream of the site of translation termination |
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Term
|
Definition
| the region of the RNA transcript at the 5’ end upstream of the translation start site |
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to a DNA or RNA sequence located on the 5’ side of a point of reference |
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Term
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Definition
| a pyrimidine base in RNA in place of the thymine found in DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of a protein that must be maintained in a specific shape if the protein is to be functional- for example, in an enzyme, the part to which the substrate binds |
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Term
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Definition
| the end of a protein having a free amino group. A protein is synthesized from the amino end at the 5’ end of an mRNA to the carboxyl end near the 3’ end of the mRNA during translation |
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Term
|
Definition
| a nucleotide triplet in a tRNA molecule that aligns with a particular codon in mRNA under the influence of the ribosome; the amino acid carried by the tRNA is inserted into a growing protein chain |
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Term
| amino acryl tRNA binding site |
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Definition
| a site in the ribosome that binds incoming aminoacyl-tRNAs. The anticodon of each incoming aminoacyl-tRNA matches the codon of the mRNA. Also called the A site |
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Term
|
Definition
| the end of a protein having a free carboxyl group. The carboxyl end is encoded by the 3’ end of the mRNA and is the last part of the protein to be synthesized in translation |
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Term
|
Definition
| a transfer RNA molecule with an AA attached to its 3’ end. Also called aminoacyl-tRNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| the region in the small ribosomal subunit where the decision is made whether an aminoacyl-tRNA can bind in the A site. This decision is based on complementarity between the anticodon of the tRNA and the codon of the mRNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| a genetic code in which some AAs may be encoded by more than one codon each |
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Term
|
Definition
| a region of a protein associated with a particular function. Some proteins contain more than one domain |
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Term
|
Definition
| the site on the ribosome where the deacylated tRNA can be found |
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Term
|
Definition
| a protein required for the correct initiation of translation |
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Term
|
Definition
| a special tRNA that inserts the first AA of a polypeptide chain into the ribosomal P site at the start of translation. The AA carried by the initiator in bacteria is N-formylmethionine |
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Term
|
Definition
| the various types of tRNA molecules that carry a specific AA |
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Term
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Definition
| related by different proteins. They can be generated by alternative splicing of a gene |
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Term
| nucear localization sequence |
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Definition
| part of a protein required for its transport from the cytoplasm to the nucleus |
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Term
| peptidyltransferase center |
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Definition
| the site in the large ribosomal subunit at which the joining of two AAs is catalyzed |
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Term
|
Definition
| a chain of linked AAs; a protein |
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Term
|
Definition
| the sequence of AAs in the polypeptide chain |
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Term
|
Definition
| he complete set of protein-coding genes in a genome |
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Term
|
Definition
| the site in the ribosome to which a tRNA with the growing polypeptide chain is bound |
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Term
|
Definition
| the multimeric constitution of a protein |
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Term
|
Definition
| a protein that binds to the A site of the ribosome when a stop codon is in the mRNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| a complex organelle that catalyzes the translation of messenger RNA into an AA sequence; composed of proteins plus rRNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| a spiral or zigzag arrangement of the polypeptide chain |
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Term
|
Definition
| a short sequence in bacterial RNA that precedes the initiation AUG codon and serves to correctly position this codon in the P site of the ribosome by pairing (through base complementarity) with the 3’ end of the 16S RNA in the 30S ribosomal subunit |
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Term
|
Definition
| the amino-terminal sequence of a secreted protein; it is required for the transport of the protein through the cell membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| a single polypeptide in a protein containing multiple polypeptides |
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Term
|
Definition
| the folding or coiling of the secondary structure to form a globular molecule |
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Term
|
Definition
| 3 nucleotide pairs that compose a codon |
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Term
|
Definition
| a protein that, when attached as a multicopy chain to another protein, targets that protein for degradation by a protease called the 26S proteasome. The addition of single ubiquitin residues to a protein can change protein-protein interactions, as in the case of PCNA and bypass polymerases |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of adding ubiquitin chains to a protein targeted for degradation |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of certain bases in the 3rd position of an anticodon in tRNA to form hydrogen bonds in various ways, causing alignment with several different possible codons |
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Term
|
Definition
| a technique for resting the genotype of an embryo or fetus in utero with minimal risk to the mother or the child |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein (immunoglobulin) molecule, produced by the immune system, that recognizes a particular substance (antigen) and binds to it |
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Term
|
Definition
| a pattern of dark spots in a developed photographic film or emulsion in the technique of autoradiography |
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Term
| bacterial artificial chromosome |
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Definition
| an F plasmid engineered to act as a cloning vector that can carry large inserts |
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Term
|
Definition
| a library composed of cDNAs, not necessarily representing all mRNAs |
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Term
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Definition
| a method for dissection of large segments of DNA, in which a cloned segment of DNA, usually eukaryotic, is used to screen recombinant DNA clones from the same genome bank for other clones containing ne8ighboring sequences |
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Term
|
Definition
| synthetic DNA transcribed from a specific RNA through the action of the enzyme reverse transcriptase |
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Term
|
Definition
| a cloning vector that can replicate autonomously like a plasmid and be packaged into a phage |
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Term
| dideoxy (sanger) sequence |
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Definition
| the most popular method of DNA sequencing. It uses dideoxynucleotide triphosphates mixed with standard nucleotide triphosphates to produce a ladder of DNA strands whose synthesis is blocked at different lengths. This method has been incorporated into automated DNA-synthesis machines. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a section of DNA that has been inserted into a vector molecule, such as a plasmid or a phage chromosome, and then replicated to form many copies |
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Term
|
Definition
| the collective techniques for obtaining, amplifying, and manipulating specific DNA fragments |
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Term
|
Definition
| a method of molecular separation in which DNA, RNA, or proteins are separated in a gel matrix according to molecular size, with thew use of an electrical field to draw the molecules through the gel in a predetermined direction |
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Term
|
Definition
| – the inactivation of a gene by either naturally occurring mutation or through the integrations of a specially engineered introduced DNA fragment. In some systems, such inactivation is random, with the use of transgenic constructs that insert at many different locations in the genome. In other systems, it can be carried out in a directed fashion. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the insertion of a genetically engineered transgene in place of a resident gene; often achieved by a double crossover |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of producing modified DNA in a test tube and reintroducing that DNA into host organisms |
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Term
| genetically modified organism(GMO) |
|
Definition
| popular term for a transgenic organism, especially applied to transgenic agricultural organisms |
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Term
|
Definition
| a library encompassing an entire genome |
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Term
|
Definition
| the cloning and molecular characterization of entire genomes |
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Term
|
Definition
| gene therapy – the correction of a genetic deficiency in a cell by the addition of new DNA and its insertion into the genome. Different techniques have the potential to carry out gene therapy only in somatic tissues or, alternaitely, to correct the genetic deficiency in the zygote, thereby correcting the germ line as well |
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Term
|
Definition
| transfer of electrophoretically separated RNA molecules from a gen onto an absorbent sheet, which is then immersed in a labeled probe that will bind to the RNA of interest |
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Term
|
Definition
| transfer of electrophoretically separated RNA molecules from a gen onto an absorbent sheet, which is then immersed in a labeled probe that will bind to the RNA of interest |
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Term
| P1 artificial chromosome (PAC) |
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Definition
| a derivat8ive of phage P1 engineered as a cloning vector for carrying large insects |
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|
Term
| polymerase chain reaction (PCR) |
|
Definition
| an in vitro method for amplifying a specific DNA segment that uses two primers that hybridize to opposite ends of the segment in opposite polarity and, over successive cycles, prime exponential replication of that segment only |
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Term
|
Definition
| decribes a situation in which the phenotypic influence of a gene is altered by changes in the position of the gene within the genome |
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Term
|
Definition
| the identification of the DNA sequences encoding a gene of interest based on knowledge of its genetic or cytogenetic map location |
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Term
|
Definition
| labeled nucleic acid segment that can be used to identify specific DNA molecules bearing the complementary sequence, usually through autoradiography or fluorescence |
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Term
|
Definition
| – a novel DNA sequence formed by the combination of two nonhomologous DNA molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
| a DNA fragment resulting from cutting DNA with a restriction enzyme |
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Term
|
Definition
| the transfer of electrophoretically separated fragments of DNA from a gel to an absortbent sheet such as paper; this sheet is then immersed in a solution containing a labeled probe that will bind to a fragment of interest |
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Term
|
Definition
| a circular pladmid of agrobacterium rumifaciens that enables the bacterium to infect plant cells and produce a tumor (crown gall tumor) |
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Term
|
Definition
| a gene that has been modified by externally applied recombinant DNA techniques and reintroduced into the genome by germ-line transformation |
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Term
|
Definition
| an organism whosegenome has been modified by externally applied new DNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| a general term for any genetic unit that can insert into a chromosome, excise, and reinsert elsewhere; includes insertion sequences and transposons |
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Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme encoded by transposable elements that undergo conservative transportation |
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Term
| yeast artificial chromosome(YAC) |
|
Definition
| a cloning-vector system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae employing yeast centromere and replication sequences |
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Term
|
Definition
| a protein that activates transcription from an adjacent promoter |
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Term
|
Definition
| a small molecule that binds to an allosteric site |
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Term
|
Definition
| a site on a protein to which a small molecule binds, causing a change in the conformation of the protein that modifies the activity of its active site |
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Term
|
Definition
| a change from one conformation of a protein to another |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein trhat promotes the continuation of transcription by preventing the termination of transcription at specific sites on DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| a regulatory mechanism in which the level of transcription of an operon (such as trp) is reduced when the end product of a pathway (eg tryptophan) is plentiful; the regulated step is after the initiation of transcription |
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Term
| catabolic activator protein (CAP) |
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Definition
| a protein hat unites with cAMP at low glucose concentrations and binds to the lac promoter to facilitate RNA polymerase action |
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Term
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Definition
| the inactivation of an operon caused by the presence of large amounts of the metabolic end product of the operon |
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Term
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Definition
| A site on a DNA (or RNA) molecule that functions as a binding site for the sequence specific DNA (or RNA) binding protein. The term cis-acting indicates that protein binding to this site affects only nearby DNA (or RNA) sequences on the same molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to a biological function that is always in one state, regardless of environmental conditions. In regard to g ene expression, it refers to a gene that is always expressed. In regard to chromosome structure, it refers to parts of the chromosome that are always heterochromatic |
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Term
| coordinately controlled genes |
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Definition
| genes whose products are simultaneously activated or repressed in parallel |
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Term
| Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) |
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Definition
| a molecule containing a diester bond between the 3’ and 5’ carbon atoms of the ribose part of the nucleotide. This modified nucleotide cannot be incorporated into DNA or RNA. It plays a key role as an intracellular signal in the regulation of various processes |
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Term
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Definition
| a segment of regulatory DNA and the regulator protein(s) that binds to it that goern the transcriptional state of a gene or set of genes |
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Term
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Definition
| an environmental agent that triggers transcription from an operon |
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Term
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Definition
| the relief of repression of a gene or set of genes under negative control. An interaction between two or more cells or tissues that is required for one of those cells or tissues to change its developmental fate |
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Term
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Definition
| the relief of repression of a gene or set of genes under negative control. An interaction between two or more cells or tissues that is required for one of those cells or tissues to change its developmental fate |
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Term
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Definition
| the sequence at the 5’ end of an mRNA that is note translated into protein |
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Term
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Definition
| a bacterial cell capable of spontaneous lysis due, for example, to the uncoupling of a prophage from the bacterial chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| the bateriophage life cycle that leads to lysis of the host cell |
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Term
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Definition
| regulation mediated by factors that block or turn off transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| a DNA region at one end of an operon that acts as the binding site for a repressor protein |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of adjacent structural genes whose mRNA is synthesized in one piece, plus the adjacent regulatory signals that affect transcription of the structural genes |
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Term
| partial diploid (merozygote) |
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Definition
| partly diploid e coli cell formed from a complete chromosome (the endogenote) plus a fragment (the exogenote) |
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Term
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Definition
| regulation mediated by a protein that is required for the activation of a transcription unit |
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Term
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Definition
| a regulator region that is a short distance from the 5’ end of a gene and acts as the binding site for RNA polymerase |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein that binds to a cis-acting element such as an operator or a silencer, thereby preventing transcription from an adjacent promoter |
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Term
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Definition
| a DNA sequence that contains a gene. This gene codes for a protein (or microRNA or other diffusible molecule) that will be used in the regulation of another target gene |
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