Term
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Definition
| relation of chromosomes to hereditary trais |
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Term
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Definition
| study structure & function of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
study of entire DNA of an infividual
-genes and nucleil acids
-protein synthesis & secretion
-DNA replication & cell cycle (cells divide 23/23 =46)
chromosomes & heredity
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Term
| organization of the chromatin |
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Definition
threadlike chomatin=chromosomes (46 DNA molecules associated with proteins)
nondividing state: DNA is compacted -coiled aroundcore particle -DNA is 2m long, zigzagged, looped & coiled onto itself to fit inside of nucleus
preparing to divide: DNA copies itself to form 2 parallel sister chromatids |
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Term
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Definition
DNA: polymer of nucleotides which consist of:
phosphate group
sugar: ribose (RNA) deoxyribose (DNA)
deoxy=w/o oxygen
nitrogen base:
-purines: double ring G & A
-pyrimidines: sindle ring U, T & C
-DNA bases: CTAG, RNA bases: CUAG |
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Term
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Definition
| Described the molecular structure |
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Term
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Definition
| nitrogenous bases united by |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| law of complimentary base pairing |
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Definition
| one strand determines base sequence of other |
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Term
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Definition
| code for protein synthesis & directs the synthesis of all cell proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| piece of DNA that has the information to make one particular protein (30,000-35,000 genes) <- protein recipe |
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Term
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Definition
all genes of one person are only 2%
98% of DNA is noncoding and can be developed
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Term
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Definition
Interprets DNA code and directs proteins synthesis in the cytoplasm
RNA is smalled than DNA
only one chain (not a helix)
ribose replaces deoxyribose & the uracil replaces thymine
1-transfer RNA (tRNA)
2-messenger RNA (mRNA) makes copies
3-ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
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Term
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Definition
transcription: copying of instructions from DNA to RNA happens in the nucleus
mRNA is formed next to an activated gene by copying the info from DNA, then mRNA migrates to cytoplasm
translation: mRNA code is "read" by rRNA as amino acids are assembled into a protein
Transfer tRNA: delives the amino acids to the ribosome <- has anticodon
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Term
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Definition
system that enables the 4 nucleotides (A,T,G,C) to code for the 20 amino acids
base triplet: found on DNA
codon: mirror image found in mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
"mirros-image" sequence found in mRNA
64 possible codons
often 2-3 codons represent the same amino acid
1 start codon: AUG
3 stop codons: UAG, UGA, UAA <-no amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| found on DNA, triplets that code for 1 single codon, which codes for 1 single amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
unfinished, it needs to remove introns
"nonsense" introns (97%) removed by enzymes
sende exons (3%) reconnected, mRNA exit nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
occurs in cytoplasm (ribosomes)
converts alphabet of nucleotides into a sequence of amino acids to create a specific protein. Steps are:
-small subunit of ribosomes attaches to mRNA leader sequence
-start codon AUG indicates where protein syntheis begins
-small subunit binds to activated tRNA with corresponding anticodon
-large subunit forms peptide bond |
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Term
| growth of polypeptide chain |
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Definition
codon is read
tRNA is attached
amino acids are joined
first tRNA is released
process repeats |
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Term
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Definition
UAG, UGA, UAA is reached
process stops
polypeptide is released
ribosome dissociates into 2 subunits |
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Term
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Definition
cluster of 10-20 ribosomes reading mRNA at one time
takes 20 secs to assemble protein of 400 amino acids
cell may produce > 150,000 proteins/second |
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