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| The Viewpoint of eugenics. |
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"Controlled Reproduction"
By Francis Galton.
Systematic Improvement of humans by encouraging breeding of those with desireable traits and discouraging those with undesireable traits.
Believed that triats such as feeble-mindedness and artistic talent were inherited. |
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| The basic units of heredity. |
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Natural Selection: Differential reproduction of genetic variants.
(Those with genes which make them better adapted to the environment will leave more offspring.) |
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| Characteristics acquired during the lifetime of an individual can be passed on to later generations. |
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| the idea that genes throughout the body are affected by the person's experiances and all pass infromation to the embryo. |
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1n.
One of each type of chromosome.
Ex: Gamete, Egg |
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2n.
A pair of each chromosome
Ex: Primary oocyte, Zygote, Primary Spermatocyte, Somatic (body) cell. |
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| Members of a chromosomal pair. |
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| (22) A non-sex chromosome. |
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| Division of the cytoplasm. |
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| A group of symptoms that occur together, characterizing a disease. |
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The biggest organelle with a double layered membrane.
Pores allow communication.
Contains the genetic material in a cell. |
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Membrane bound organelles in the cytoplasm of eukaryotes which are the primary energy production centers of the cell.
They contain their own DNA, passed on through females (mothers) that can have mutations.
The site of cellular respiration and ATP (energy) |
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| Cells that have no nucleus, no organization of genes in chromosomes. |
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| Have a nucleus, genes organized in chromosomes. |
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| Appearance of an individual |
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| Genetic consititution of an individual. |
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| A constricted area of a chromosome where spindle fibers attach to during cellular division. |
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| A foster child, Carrie Buck, was raped by her foster brother and was deemed to be "Requiring sterilization" and the supreme court upheld this decision. |
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[image]
(Primary Spermatocyte, Primary Oocyte) |
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[image]
Secondary Spermatocyte, Secondary Oocyte. |
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| The process by which a diploid cell produces four haploid gametes. One chormosome replication is followed by two cell divisions. |
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| the production of an egg (ovum) and three polar bodies. |
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| Fertilized egg (egg + sperm) |
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| Heterozygote for one pair of alleles |
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| The trait that appears in the F1 |
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| The trait that is hidden in the F1 |
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Genes which have the same function but do it in different ways.
Genes that could occupy the same site on a chromosome.
Genes that code for different variations of the same protein. |
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| A particular site on a chromosome. |
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| Having the same allele on both homologues |
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| Having different alleles on both homologues |
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| A cross of two monohybrids. |
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| Cross of a dominant phenotype (unknown genotype) to a resessive homozygote |
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nonalleles distribute independently into gametes
WwLL --> 1/4 WL, 1/4 Wl, 1/4 wl, 1/4 wL |
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A is dominant over O, can be AA or AO
B is dominant over O, can be BB or BO
O is resessive, always OO
A and B are codominant to each other, yeilding AB |
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| Autosomal Recessive Traits |
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(non-sex resessive traits)
Albinism, Cystic Fybrosis, Hurler Syndrome, PKU (Phenylketonuria), Sickle cell anemia |
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| Autosomal Dominant Traits |
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affected children must have at least one affected parent with the trait
ex: Achondroplaisa, Osteogenesis imperfecta, Familial Hypercholesterolemia |
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Autosomal recessive
the absence of pigment (light/white skin and hair and often pink eyes.) |
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Autosomal recessive
mucous blocks ducts and glands
taste salty |
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Autosomal recessive
Gargolysm, coarse facial features and bone deformities, defect in matabolism of mucopolysaccharides, large head, prominent forehead, flat nasal bridge, mental retardation, corneal coulding, lifespan reduction, heart problems, enlarged liver and spleen |
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Autosomal recessive
A defect in the enzyme that is needed to break down/ use up excess phenylalanine. The excess phenylalanine is then all turned into phenylpyruvate, which causes severe retardation. |
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Autosomal Recessive
Normal Hemoglobin has two polypeptide chains called alpha and beta. Sickle cell hemoglobin has one wrong almin acid in its' Beta-s chain. When homozygous for sickle cell beta-s the red blood cells lose their characteristic donut shape and collapse into sickle shapes which block capillaries. The blocked capillaries block the normal transport of oxygen to the organs beyond the blocked capillary. The victem suffers little strockes, dead areas of bone, muscle, etc. |
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Autosomal dominant
Defects in growth reigons of long bones. |
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Fragile bones, Clear blue sclerae (Whites of eyes), Deafness, large bones bowed, large skull.
(All characterstics are not always present, and when they are present, they may be expressed mildly, moderately or severely, clear blue sclerae however, are almost always present.) |
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The degree of expression of a genotype.
Ex: albinism is always expressed the same.
Osteogenesis imperfect shows great variablitiy in expression. In one study >90% showed clear blue sclerae, 63% showed some bone fragility, 60% had deafness, 44% showed all three of these traits. |
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autosomal dominant
connective tissue defect, death often to aortic rupture, tall, thin, long arms and legs, long thin fingers, nearsighted. Degree of expression may vary |
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The proportion of individuals with a genotype who exhibit the characteristic phenotype (to whatever degree)
Ex: albinism 100% penetrance, osteoenesis imperfecta 100% penetrance, Achondroplasia 100% penetrence, polydactyly 80% penetrance
"Completely penetrant" vs "Incompletely penetrant" |
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| Familial Hypercholesterolemia |
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Elevated levels of serum cholesterol leads to the formation of plaques in arteries and cardiac disease
defect in molecules of the surface that are supposed to regulate the uptake and matabolism of low-density lipoproteins
Homozygotes are more severely affected and often die by age 20
1/500 are heterozygous for this trait |
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A single gene may have many effects
ex: cystic fibrosis (autosomal recessive) or sicle cell anemia |
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| all of the genes of an individual |
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phenotype of the heterozygote is intemediate between the phenotypes of the two zygotes
1:2:1 from monohybrid cross |
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Phenotype of the heterzygote shows both of the phenotypes of the two phenotypes
both alleles produce a distinguishable product
1:2:1 from monohybrid cross |
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| system of internal tubules and filaments that gives the cell it's shape |
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| identical copies of a chromosome (one is an exact copy of the other) called sister chromatids |
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| Pairing of the chromosomes. |
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| chromosomes of a cell line of individual photographed while doubled and arranged in order of size[image] |
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| the number of cell divisions a cultured cell will undergo before dying |
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| two eggs fertilized by two different sperm (twins) |
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| When did Mendel and Darwin do their work? |
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| In the middle of the 19th century, abou the time of the American Civil War. |
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| The Supreme Court justice that wrote the ruling of the Carrie Vs. Buck case. |
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| Helped to further Eugenics. |
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