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Definition
Growth of an organism replacement of aging cells reproduction |
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| Recumbent DNA basic steps |
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Definition
Basic Steps 1. isolate DNA from animal plant 2. cut out gene using a restriction enzyme that leaves sticky ends (areas of nuclotides that are no longer paired) 3. Make a complimentary cut in the plasmid 4. implant gene into plasmid using a ligase (ties nucleotides together) 5. insert the plasmid into the bacteria 6. grow the bacteria in large numbers 7. Harvest the gene products 1st case - insulin production for diabetics |
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| Old and new ways of getting insulin |
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Definition
Old- from the pancreas of pigs and cattle new- by genetically engineering them in E. Coli vats (much cheaper) |
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Term
Stem Cell research What is it |
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Definition
Cells have the ability of self-renewal (make copies of itself) these stem cells have no other function that to make other cell types that can differenciate into other cell types undifferentited means that that cell can only have specific range of duties |
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Term
Two types of Stem Cell research what is the difference |
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Definition
Adult- multipontent, difficult to find, fully formed, not very controversial, hard to isolate and culture, may have more potential than previously thought Embryonic - Pluripotent, get them from very early stage of baby (only a few days old), easy to grow, they divide infinitely, but very controversial |
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Term
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Definition
Creating your own embryo cells from foreign source have possible rejection in your body so you make these to match your own embyronic stem cells you ahve diploid cells with only your genes you harvest the cells from the blastocysts and you know that they are going to be undifferentiated because they are your own cells opposed people say that it could lead to your own reproductive clone |
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Term
| Technology of fingerprinting |
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Definition
fingerprinting is used in murder cases 99.9% of our blood is the same but there is .1% that is different in every person we use it tocompare different genes junk DNA does not code for anything |
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Term
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Definition
| are repititions of DNA sequences that are different in every person. they vary in size and sequence. It is found in their junk DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Polymerase chain reaction is used to make several copies of DNA - it is a primer |
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Definition
| Corn and soybeans are found in almost everything! almost half of soybeans are GM and almost a third of corn is GM |
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Term
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Definition
| a tool used to study many different fragments of DNA. DNA fragments are separated on the bases of size using gel electrophoresis (moving by electricity) a gel with the consistency of jello has small pores, you add your sample to the depressions (wells) and charge it, DNA is negatively charged so you a apply a positive charge to make them move, the fragments that are short reach the bottom and the longer ones spread out throughout the gel |
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Definition
| Have their own pesticides and have resistance to herbicides, have more nutrients, grow faster and better, cheaper oral vaccines, resistance to diseases, biodegradable plastics |
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Definition
| crops with pesticides resistance can kill wildlife species, super pests, herbicides resistance producing super weeds, increase herbicide use, requiring farmers to buy only a specific type of herbicide |
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Definition
| Food safety because by genetically modifying the organisms we are going to create new allergens |
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Term
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Definition
disease of run away cel division
signel cell with damage tht no longer recongnize the proceess that controls its division |
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| Characteristics of Cancer Cells |
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Definition
Divide without external signals
dont ever stop dividing- they have telomeres but they also have telomerace that rebuilds the telomeres when the cells divide instead of shortening
dont ever become sepcialized
dont respond to check points in the cell cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| Initiations- DNA become damaged, repair can occur, apoptosis, but can lead to irreversble DNA Damage to critical genes
Promotin-for it to become a tumor both the promotion and promotion stages occur, larger number of initiated cells the higher risk for cancer, cell is stimulated to divide, promoter agent maybe the same agent or different from the initiation agent, gradual Progression - cells irreversibly become cancer invade and kill other tissue |
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Term
Carcinomas
Sarcomas
Leukemia |
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Definition
| Epithelial cells, 80percent of all cancers supportive or connective tissue
blood cancers |
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Term
| Chances of American man getting cancer? american woman? |
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Definition
| men 1 in 2 women is 1 in 3 |
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| Three most prevalent types of cancer in men |
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Definition
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| What are the prevalent types of cancer among women |
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Definition
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Definition
| Radiation, kimotherapy, HER2 therapy (molecules manufactured to bind with HER2) |
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Term
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Definition
| viruses can shut it down, genetically modified viruses remove the anti-P53 genes |
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Term
| Cancer cells produce what hormone? |
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Definition
| VEGF which they use to trick the brain into formulating blood vessels in their area (there are new drugs to bind receptors and block VEGF) |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA unzips, just the single gene is transcribed - small area of the DNA is unzipped, the nucleotides pair with the exposed bases on one strand (the RNA polymerase) creating the messenger RNA molecule, Then the trasndcript breaks free of the DNA and the DNA zips back up it is then processed to make a functional messenger RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Messenger RNA leaves the nucleus and attaches itself to a ribosome, the MRNA is carrying the genetic codes, transfer RNAs transfer the free amino acids and bring them to the ribosome, anticodon regions of these bucleotides are compliments of the condons for MRNA, the peptide bonds form bringing along their amino acids which then form bonds between them creating a of amino acids, then the ribosome moves to the next condon and so forth until the code on the MRNA is translated into the messenger protein |
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