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| crossing individuals of the same species that have similar traits. This methodis used to maintain desirable traits. Ex. Pedigreed dogs, miniature horses, cheetahs |
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| increased probability of genetic defects; loss of variety |
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| crossing dissimilar individuals, either of the same species or of two closey related species Ex: Santa Gertrudis Cattle, mules, triticales |
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| hybrid vigor: offspring are generally healthier and longer-lived than parent generations |
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| havingmore than 2 sets of chromosomes |
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| chemical can cause nondisjunction of all the chromosome pairs |
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| bananas, seedless watermelon, Winesap apples, potatoes |
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| peanuts,coffee, McIntosh apples, alfalfa |
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| directly affecting the DNA of organisms |
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| DNA cutters that recognize specific base sequences and break the DNA at that point |
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| process in which DNA is separated by size using electricity |
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| based on the fact that different amounts of non-coding pairs separate the genes of each individual person |
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| can be used to cut DNA with restriction enzymes |
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