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| wundt and james believe in what 3 things |
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thinking processes
consciousness
awareness |
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| study of behavior and mental processes |
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| WUNDT said conciousness can be broken into 3 parts: |
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sensations
memories
actions |
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present at birth
pleasure principle
no rules or laws |
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advisor to id
realistic
developed by 2 (in healthy environment) |
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judgemental
restrictive
authoritative |
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does not believe in 3 personalities
human makes choices based on unique experience
5 year olds draw quarter.. rich kids big one, poor kids small one |
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birth order is big
first born find success
only born struggle more |
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denied by Harvard in 1800's
studied under James
did well but was refused PhD. |
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| first woman to earn PhD. in psychology |
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study of one person
from time of birth to present time |
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questionnaire sent out to many people
inaccurate because some people do not respond, some answer dishonestly |
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positive correlation
negative correlation
zero correlation |
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one goes up the other goes up
one goes down the other goes up
no correlation |
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| dependent vs. independent variable |
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| independent variable is the cause while the dependent variable is the effect |
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| single blind is where the person administering the test knows what's going on and the person doing the test does not. the double blind is when neither person knows what's going on |
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took over behaviorism when watson was gone
human behavior is independent of what we think |
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used to be a part of behaviorism
can learn from watching someone else.. if they touch table and get $10 you will touch table to get $10
observational learning |
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1. understand
2. explain
3. control |
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conscious
preconcious
unconscious |
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contact w/ outside world
just below surface of awareness
too deep to retrieve unless triggered |
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| help neurons communicate.. excitatory help, inhibitory don't |
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| sensory neurons and other name |
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| from outside of body to inside AKA afferent neurons |
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| motor neurons and other name |
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| inside of body to outside world AKA efferent neurons |
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| carry messages from neuron to neuron |
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| actions carried out when a message goes to spinal cord and then to muscles without crossing brain |
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controlled by somatic system
examples include:
sneezing, knee jerk, blinking, etc. |
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controlled by somatic system
examples:
breathing, digestion |
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| sympathetic vs. parasympathetic |
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sympathetic system gets heart rate up and gives you more energy when faced with danger
parasympathetic system calms you back down when danger is gone |
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| group of glands that manufacture hormones that are secreted to blood stream |
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| growth hormone - skeletal growth |
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male: testosterone (testes) - sperm
female: estrogen (ovaries) - ovulation, pregnancy, and menstrual cycle |
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| responsible for body coordination |
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| breathing, heart rate, other vital things |
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| amygdala, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus |
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| connects the left and right sides of the brain together |
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| math, reading, writing, language |
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| spatial, musical, artistic, facial |
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| daydreaming is natural... |
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the POWER to shift your attention from surroundings to an internal matter
sharpens our cognition
prevents internal build up
prevents external agression |
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| calm, B/P reduced, less tension |
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| normal levels of awakeness, dreaming occurse in REM sleep, if not in state of paralysis than sleep-walking will occur |
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| as light decreases, seratonin increases helping us fall asleep |
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| 3 stages of prenatal development |
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germinal (0-2 weeks)
embryonic (3-8 weeks)
fetal (9-birth) |
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placenta
umbilical cord
amniotic sac |
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all organs developed except genetalia
critical stage b/c this is organ's only chance to develop |
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| growth... therefore malformation can occur here |
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cognitive
assimilation and accommodation |
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| tendency to give meaning to any observed phenomenon in the envrironment based on previous knowledge |
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tendency to self-correct oneself based on new information
see cow call it "funny dog" ... mom corrects us and says it is a cow...
we did 90% of work, she did 10% |
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| 4 cognitive stages of development |
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sensory motor (0-2 years)
preoperational (2-7 years)
concrete operational (7-11 years)
formal operational (12+) |
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object permanence
-object out of sight still exists |
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egocentric - they don't understand what you are telling them
intuitive - they don't think about what they say
problems w/ conservations, translations, etc occur here |
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| concrete operational stage |
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| anything that cannot be imagined (religion, politics) is hard to understand.. they cannot make assumptions |
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cognition - want to know why
begin to try new things, become impulsive
egocentric - imaginary audience |
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morality
pre-, post-, conventional |
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Better Baby Institute of Philly
created in 1955
number 1 critic of Piaget
babies can learn at 4 months old |
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classical
operant
cognitive |
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pavlov
learning by association
stimuli |
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| stimulus and the two types |
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anything that causes you to act a certain way
automatic - cold makes you shiver, food makes you salivate
neutral |
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| when the child starts to be afraid when he sees the butcher in the white coat (C.R. for no reason) |
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B.F. Skinner
behavior comes first, then consequences both good and bad |
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| do something to get something you like |
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| do something to stop something you don't like |
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| get something bad for doing something bad |
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| get something good taken away for doing something bad |
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