• About 1 billion years ago
• The first animals evolved at some point in this period
• Last period in the Neoproterozoic Era
• Known for the rocks off the time (range of hills in Austrailia)

• From 1 million years ago to about 550 million years ago
• Biochemical analysis suggest this about the time (1byr) animals,plants, and fungi split

• 560-500 million years ago
• All major animal phyla are represented in the fossil records 

1. Animal embryos 
2. Impression fossils 
3. Trace fossils like tubes 
4. Calcified fossils like Dickinsonia 

• (collard flagellates)
• colonial protists 
• cells have flagella 
• believe all animals came from a similar colonial protists 
• Plants and fungi appear to have evolved separately 

• Phylum Cnidaria
• Eat small crustaceans like water fleas (Daphnia)
• Uncephalized (no brain) so rely on a nerve network 

• Phylum Cnidaria
• Capable of swimming away from predators 

• Phylum Cnidaria
• Tentacles lined with nematocysts 
• Pulsing of main medusa pulls in food
• Poisonous to us are Box Jellies (Austrailia)

• Phylum Cnidaria 
• Colonial Cnidaria, made of several polyps 

• Phylum Cnidaria 
• Occur in large colonies 
• Calcified chambers form great coral reef
• Have protistan symbionts that contribute much of their energy

• (First mouth) mouth forms from blastopore, formed during gastrulation.
• The anus develops from a secondary invagination at opposite end of body from mouth
• Anus connects to rest of gut by the arachenteron (space enclosed by endoderm)
• pouch within the mesoderm
• Spiral Cleavage
  

• (second mouth) echinoderms and chordares (us)
• Blastopore forms the anus
• Mouth forms from secondary invagination
  
• outpouching of the gut
• radial cleavage
  

• from phyla Platyhelminthes
• turbellarians
• free living, moslty marine, some freshwater
• eat small animals and decaying flesh
• Planaria champions of regeneration
• specialized adult stem cells called neoblasts
  
• have extrudable pharynx that opens to blind gut
• reproduce sexually, capable of asexual reproduction by splitting in two

• from Phylum Platyhelminithes
• Flukes
• major gut parasites worms
• barbed head attaches to gut lining, the rest of the segments are reproductive segments
  
• schistosoma flukes cause Schistomosmiasis or bilharzia
• infect/grow in freshwater snail till they enter a human
• swimmer's itch in the US (different genus of worm and not as serious)

• phylum Platyhelminthes
• tapeworms
• parasitic
• live in guts of vertebrates
• complex lifecycles, alternate hosts

• some Phylum Nematoda animals are responsible for this mosquito transmitted disease by replicating in our bloodstream
• block lymph nodes and if untreated lead to massive swelling especially in the legs (elephantiasis)

• free living nematode, tiny 1mm long
• lives in fruit
• the model organism all 959 cells are fully described and located
• first animal genome completely sequenced in 1998
• chemoreceptors

animals that have a sophisticated body cavity called a coelom

not clear this developed only once

artificial grouping now group into subkingdoms of Protostomia and Deuterostomia

• superphyla within the subkingdom Protostomia
• have hard external cuticles they molt in a process called ecdysis
• nematodes, tardigrades, onychophorans, arthropods

• superphyla within the subkingdom Protostomia
• named for thier two subgroups of lophophorans and trochozoans

DONT ASK

• from the phyla Mollusca
• snail and slugs
• both marine and terrestrail
• escargot

• from they phyla Mollusca
• two shells hinged
• clams, mussels, scallops and oysters

• from Phylum Mollusca
• marine
• shell in 8 plates
• roll into a ball

• from phylum Bivalvia
• squids, nautilus, octopi
• human like eyes, eyelids, cornea, pupil, iris,lens, and retina
• eye invagination of skin unlike human where it is retina is inverted, and develops from the brain

Class Polychaetes

• from phylum Annelida
• aquatic
• have many stiff bristles or chaetae on every segment allow them to hold fast
• fanworm and bloodworms

• from phylum Annelida
• terrestrial earchworms
• few bristles on a few segments especially near the tail for holding soil

• From phylum Annelida
• leeches, suckers at each end

• from phylum Arthropoda
• extinct
• common in fossil record

• from phylum arthropoda
• almost exclusively terrestrail
• spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, horseshoe crab (marine)
• Chelicrae (biting/stinging mouth part of spiders/scorpions)
• book lungs in abdomen

• from phylum arthropoda
• millipedes and centepedes
• millipeded-slow scavengers of plant material
• centepedes, swift, agressive predators with toxic mandibles

• Phylum Arthropoda
• crabs, crayfish, shrimp, pillbugs, barnacles
• barnacles have shells analogous to molluscs

• phylum arthropodia
• six legs, three main body regions (head, abdomen, thorax)
• coleoptera, diptera,lepidoptera,hymenoptera, hemiptera,hooptera,odonata

• beetles
• hard outer wings
• most species of all

• flies with just one pair of wings

• moths and butterflies

dragonflies and damselflies

professors favorite

• phylum echinodermata
• model organisms for fertiliation, embryogenesis, development
• genome has been sequenced

• phylum echinodermata
• NOT STARFISH
• predators of molluscs, can separate shells of bivalves

• phylum chordata
• tunicates
• rough outer layer or tunic
• sea squirts

• lancelets, sleek lace-like shape
• cephalized as adults
• amphioxus, found in Tampa bay and filter feed from bottom

• 8 major classes
• agnatha jawless fish were the first to develope spines (cartilage) and skulls
  
• hangfish, scavengers
• lamreys, parasites

• phylum chordata, subphylum vertebrta
• jawed fish
• extinctarmored fish

• subphylum vertebrata phylum chordata
• cartilaginous fishes
• sharks, rays, chimeras, whale sharks (filter feeder) , manta rays (filter feeder)

• subphylum vertebrata, phylum coordata
• bony fish
• ray-finned fish(teleosts)
• first vertebrates with bones replacing cartilage
• rays support fins
• counter currents help respiration over gill slits
• swim bladder for regulatory buoyancy
• lobe-finned fish (though to have been extinct) coelacanth still exists
• lungfish, distrubution may prove gondwanaand
  

• phylum chordata
• terrestrial as of 300 Myr ago
• leathery eggs, contains an extra membrane inside the shell, amnion
• thick scaly skin
• efficient kidneys (conserve water)
• internal fertilization
• sensory skills, larger brain
• skull, and teeth

• phylum chordata
• evolved from lobefinned and lungfish
• skeletal and muscle features (allow to move on land)
• lungs (probably evolved from swimbladder)
• closed circulatory system (distributes oxygen)
• aquatic habitats
• salamanders, newts, frogs, toads, caecilians (lost legs worm-snake)

• phylum chordata
• feathers (from scales)
• warmbloodedness
• beak (loss of teeth)
• egg shell
• well developed sternum (fligh muscles attach)
• reduction of fingers

• phylum chordata
• nurse with milk
• hair
• different shapes of teeth
• subclasses, prototheria, metatheria, eutheria

• subphylum mammalia, phylum chordata
• monostremes
• platypus, echinas
• egg laying

• subphylum mammalia, phylum chordata
• marsupials
• exernal pouch

• subphylum mammalia, phylum chordata
• placental
• develope in uterus, sustained by placenta
• 4000 species in 17 orders
• genome sequence for human, chimp, mous, rat, orangutan, macaque, cow, possum, wallaby, platypus, elephant, cat, shrew, tenrec, rabbit, guinea pig, dophan, five bats, and 10 more