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| color, odor, solubility, hardness, density |
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| rusting, rotting, burning |
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| Depends on how much matter is present (mass, length, volume) |
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| Independent of amount of matter (density, temp, color, odor) |
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1000 mm = 100 cm = 1 m
1000000000 nm = 1000 m = 1 kilometer |
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-positive (lose e-)
-count left on periodic table
-smaller than atoms |
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-negative (gain e-)
-count right on periodic table
-larger than atoms |
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negative charge
located in cloud around nucleus |
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positive charge
located in nucleus |
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neutral charge
located in nucleus |
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top # in periodic table
= # protons = # electrons |
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| Mass Number / Atomic Mass |
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molar mass (g/mol)
bottom # on periodic table
= # protons + # neutrons |
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| substance that conducts electricity when dissolved in water (ex: HCl); full ionization |
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| Substance that does not conduct electricity when dissolved in water (glucose); no ionization |
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| usually have H at the beginning |
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| usually have OH at the end |
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| Actual yield / theoretical yield x 100 |
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| - reactant that produces less product |
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| homologous mixture of 2 or more substances |
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| M(H+)x V(H+)= M(OH-)x V(OH-) |
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-promotes oxidation
-is reduced
-gains electrons |
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-reactant that promotes reduction
-is oxidized
-electrons lost |
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| REDOX: LEO the lion says GER |
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Lose Electrons Oxidation
Gain Electrons Reduction |
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Term
| Oxidation number of a compound |
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| Oxidation number of Group 1A |
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| Oxidation number of oxygen |
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| easily compressible, occupy entire container, low density |
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T = 273 K
P = 1 atm
V = 22.4 L |
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PV=nRT
P1V1/n1T1=P2V2/n2T2 |
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Definition
-molecules are in constant random motion
-molecules move faster as temp is raised
-elastic collisions
-completely fills container |
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| gases mix with each other as a result of molecular movement |
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| process in which a gas under pressure escapes from its container through a small hole |
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| transfer of energy due to temperature difference |
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| Heat needed to raise temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree C |
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| qrxn = mass x S.H. X delta T |
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| energy and matter exchange with surroundings |
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| only energy exchange with surroundings |
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| no energy or matter exchange with surroundings |
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amount of heat exchange between system and surroundings during chemical reaction
= q rxn
= delta h products - delta h reactants |
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Definition
-exothermic
- something+ O2
-always produces CO2 and H2O |
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Term
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Definition
c = speed of light
λ = wavelength (nm)
v = frequency (Hz)
E = energy
h = Plank's constant
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| Electron movement between levels |
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Definition
high to low = energy released (-)
low to high = energy absorbed (+)
E = Rh(1/Ni squared - 1/Nf squared) |
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Term
| Principle Quantum Number (n) |
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Definition
row on periodic table (1-7)
size of orbital |
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| Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l) |
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Definition
s = 0
p = 1
d = 2
f = 3
orbital shape |
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| Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) |
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Definition
# values = 2l + 1
-l to +l
orbital orientation |
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| Magnetic Spin Quantum Number (ms) |
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| number of electrons in noble gas |
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| number of electrons in the superscript after noble gas |
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| even superscript, all electrons paired |
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| odd superscript, at least 1 unpaired electron |
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Definition
Increases up and to the right
ability of an atom to attract e- in a chemical bond |
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Definition
- lattice energy (energy required to completely separate one mole of a solid ionic compound into gaseous ions)
- exothermic |
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Definition
| electrostatic forces holding ions together in an ionic compound |
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Definition
| composite of molecule represented by 2 or more Lewis structures |
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Definition
delta H = delta H bonds breaking + delta H bonds forming
breaking: endothermic
forming: exothermic |
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| VSEPR (Valence Electron Shell Pair Repulsion) |
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Definition
A = central atom
B = terminal atoms
E = lone pairs of e- |
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Definition
| arrow from low to high electronegativity |
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Term
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Definition
same elements on same side
(ex: 2 Cl on left, 2 F on right) |
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Definition
across
(ex: 1 F and 1 Cl on each side) |
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Definition
single bond: sigma
double bond: sigma + pi
triple bond: sigma + pi + pi |
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Definition
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| dipole-dipole and dispersion forces |
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| attraction between LIKE molecules |
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Definition
| attraction between UNLIKE molecules |
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- electrostatic attraction
- NaCl, LiF
- hard, brittle |
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Definition
-dispersion forces, dipole-dipole, H bonds
-soft, low melting point
-Ar, H2O, CO2 |
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- metallic bonds
- good conductor of electricity
- all metallic elements |
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| solid that possesses a rigid order |
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liquid to vapor
endothermic |
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vapor to liquid
exothermic |
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solid to liquid
endothermic |
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liquid to solid
exothermic |
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solid to gas
endothermic
delta Hsub = delta Hfus + delta Hvap |
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