Carbohydrates 

Monosaccharides

CH₂ON

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Monosaccharides-> Carbohydrate Monomer

Function: Building blocks of other molecules; energy in aminals

Structure: 3 Carbon: Ex. Glyceraldehyde

                5 Carbon (Pentose): Ex. Ribose, Deoxyribose

                6 Carbon (hexose): Ex. Glucose, Frutose,                                                           Galactose

Isomers: Same Chemical Formula; different structures 

Carbohydrates 

Disaccharides

CH₂ON

Function: Energy

Structure: 2 Bonded monosaccharides through H₂O Dehydration Synthesis

Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose

Glucose + Glucose = Maltose

Glucose + Galactose = Lactose

Carbohydrates 

Oligosaccharides

CH₂ON

Function: Used for cell recognition; found in plasma membrane

Ex: Glycoproteins and glycolipids

Carbohydrates 

Polysaccharides

CH₂ON

Function: Energy Storage; Structural components

Structure: Long chains of monosaccharides.

Ex:

Glycogen - animals

Cellulose - structural in plants; fiber in animals

Chitin - fungi and some animals

Startch - plants store glucose

Glycogen - animals store glucose

Nucleic Acids (P.43-44)

CHOPN

Monomers: Nucleotide

                 *Phosphate group

                 *Pentose- 5 Carbon Sugar- Ribose,                                                                          Deoxyribose

                 *Nitrogenous Base

Polymers: DNA and RNA

Nucleic Acids (CHOPN)

DNA and RNA

DNA (deoxyribosenucleic acid) Function: Stores genetic information

Structure:

Polynucleotide strands (Sugar-P-Sugar-P) make up double helix 

Nitrogenous Bases are connected by Hydrogen bonds

• Thymine- Adenine
• Cytosine- Guanine

RNA (ribosenucleic acid) Function: Gene expression

Structure:

One polynucleotide strand

Nitrogenous Bases are connected by Hydrogen bonds

• Uracil- Adenine
• Cytosine- Guanine

Nucleic Acids

CHOPN

ATP

NAD⁺

FAD

Function: Cellular Energy

Structure: Nitrogenous base

                5 Carbon Sugar (pentose)

                Variable Group

ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate

NAD⁺: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

FAD: Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

Protein Functions (P.45) (Table 3.2)

CHOSN

• Enzyme Catalysts- Makes reactions faster
• Defense
• Transport
• Support
• Motion
• Regulation
• Storage

Proteins

CHOSN

Amino Acids

Monomers

20 Different Kinds; 9 are Essentail

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Protein Structures (P.49)

CHOSN

Primary: Amino Acid

Secondary: Interaction of "R Group"

• Beta Pleated Sheet
• Alpha helix

Tertiary: One polypeptide

Quaternary: Multiple polypeptide units

• Mofits- super secondary structure in many polypeptides.
• Domain- functional regions of a polypeptide

Chaperone proteins- corrects unfolded proteins

Denaturation- proteins that unfold because of changes in: pH, light, temp, salt

Lipids Functions (P.53)

CHOP

Functions:

• Energy Storage (2x as much as carbohydrates)
• Insulation
• Shock Absorbers (cusions organs)

 Lipids have no monomers

Lipids 

CHOP

Triglcerides

1 Glycerol + 3 Fattty Acid Long C-H Chains

Saturated; Nonsaturated; polysaturated

Saturated_____________Nonsaturated

Straight                          Kinky

Single Bonds                   Double Bonds

Animals                          Plant oils

Fats                               Oils

Solid                              Liquid

Lipids

CHOP

Phospholipids

1 Glycerol + 2 C-H Fattychains + Phosphate group

Polar glycerol head + 2 nonpolar fattychains

Amphipatic- partially dissolve in water 

Automatically form micelles and bilayers (membranes)

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Lipids

CHOP

Waxes

Terpenes

Steroids

Waxes

1 gycerol + 4or5 fatty acids

Function: Water retention or repulsion

Ex: Beeswax, earwax, cutin- leaves

Terpenes

Function: Pigmentation

Ex: Pigmentation

Steroids

4 interlocking C Rings

Ex: Cholesterol, sex horomones