Term
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Definition
Main proponents: Fisher, Haldane, and Wright
Showed that selection acting to change gene frequencies could account for evolution |
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| The Modern Synthesis integrated these areas: |
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Definition
| Genetics, systematics, paleontology, plant biology, cytology, and ecology |
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Definition
| Life has an innate tendency to move in a unilinear fashion due to some internal or external driving force |
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Definition
| Emphasizes mutation as a creative principle and source of discontinuity in evolutionary change |
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Definition
| A sudden change from one generation to the next |
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Definition
| An organism passes on attributes attained during its life to its offspring |
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| Color absorption: Plants only |
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Definition
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Term
| Color pigments: animals and plants |
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Definition
Carotenoids: yellow to deep orange
Melanin: black to dark brown |
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| Six crop plants bred from wild mustard |
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Definition
| Kohirabi, Kale, Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, Cabbage, and Cauliflower |
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Definition
| Autosomal dominant trait that causes dwarfism in 0.6-1.3 mutations/100,000 gametes |
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Definition
A genetic disorder located on one gene which causes jerky movements and a decline in brain function
Occurance: 0.5 mutations/100,000 gametes
Repetition of CAG sequence, which codes for glutamine |
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Term
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Definition
The frequency of heterozygotes at a given locus
Measured as: (# of heterozygotes at a locus)/(total number of individuals assayed) |
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Term
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Definition
Specify the anterior and posterior of the organisms during early embryonic development
Ex: eye mutation in drosophila or antennapedia in ants |
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Term
| Process of Gel Electrophoresis |
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Definition
1.) Collect animals
2.) Grind up tissue
3.) Separate proteins in starch gels
4.) Stain for enzyme
5.) Record allozymes |
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Term
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Definition
| Data allow test of evolutionary hypothesis about genetic variability in "living fossils" |
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Term
| Recombination of Existing Genetic Variance as a Source of Genetic Variability |
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Definition
1.) Choose chromosomes with "normal" viability, pair them, and let them recombine
2.) Make recombinant chromosomes homozygous: use marker stocks combining dominant marker and recessive lethal and measure viability
3.) Determine how much of original variability in viability is generated by recombination among only 10 chromosomes
Research by Dobzhansky and colleagues |
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Term
| Conclusion of Dobzhansky's experiment |
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Definition
| Recombination is a major source of the genetic variability on which evolution is based |
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Term
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Definition
| The rate at which a genetic marker mutates or changes over time |
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Term
| Mutually Exclusive events |
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Definition
When only one of several events can actually occur at any one time
Probability that one or another event will occur is obtained by adding the probabilities of the separate events |
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Term
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Definition
The occurrence of one event does not influence the occurrence of the other event
Probability that they will both occur is the product of the probabilities of the two events |
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Term
| Assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Principle |
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Definition
*Random mating
*Large population size
*No natural selection
*No gene flow
*No mutation |
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Term
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Definition
| Χ^2 = Σ (observed # - expected #)^2 / expected # |
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Term
| p-value rejection parameters |
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Definition
| If p < 0.05, the hypothesis of random mating is rejected. If p > 0.05, the hypothesis of random mating is retained. |
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Term
| Work done by Wright, Fisher, and Malecot |
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Definition
| Studied the inbreeding coefficient, f, which is defined as the probability that two alleles are identical by descent (IBD) |
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Term
| Frequency of AA, AB, and BB under inbreeding |
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Definition
AA: p^2 + Fpq
AB: p^2 - 2Fpq
BB: q^2 + Fpq |
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Term
| Advantages of Mixed Mating |
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Definition
Robert Allard showed that it was a very adaptive system
Outcrossing provides genetically variable plants, then self-fertilization copies the genotype for suitable environments |
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Term
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Definition
Natural geographical barriers: mountains, rivers, deserts, etc.
Man-made barriers often interrupt migration among populations |
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Term
| Three examples of gene flow: |
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Definition
Human ABO blood types in Asia and Europe
Corn gametes migrate only up to 30 or 50 feet
American oysters exchange genes by movement of gametes and larvae in sea water, but their movements are interrupted at the tip of Florida |
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Term
| Who has a higher migration rate: males or females? |
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Definition
Females.
Patrilocality: the wife tends to move into her husband's natal household; the intercontinental migration of women is about 8 times that of men |
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Term
| Frequency of homozygotes AA in a metapopulation |
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Definition
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Term
| What does F measure, and what does its size imply? |
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Definition
F = Fst = V/pq
This measures the loss of heterozygosity over the whole metapopulation.
Larger F means more fixation, which means more homozygosity. |
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Term
| What factors affect the Fst value? How are number of migrants and fixation index related? |
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Definition
Reproductive capacity of the organism and the environment in which it lives.
Lower Nm gives higher Fst. |
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Term
| What is the importance of Genetic Drift? |
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Definition
It introduces the element of chance to evolutionary theory; defines the evolutionary process as a combination of "chance and necessity"
Chance is largely drift, necessity is largely selection and gene flow. |
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Term
| Who studied genetic drift, and when did they study it? |
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Definition
| Studied in the 1920s and 1930s by R.A. Fisher and Sewall Wright |
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Term
| Equation for Probability of Identity (Homozygosity) |
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Definition
F = 1/(1+4nu)
Heterozygosity = 1-F = Th/(1+Th), where Th = 4Nu |
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Term
| What is Motoo Kimura famous for discovering? |
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Definition
| He realized that drift could be important in very large populations. |
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Term
| How can the time since divergence be estimated? |
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Definition
t = D/(2la) la = lambda = substitution rate
D = 2(la)(t) |
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Term
| Cats and dogs' divergence? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
I is the genetic identity between populations.
I = J12/[(J11)(J22)]^1/2
J12 = identity of alleles from the 2 populations
J11 = Identity of allele pairs from pop 1
J22 = identity of allele pairs from pop 2 |
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Term
| What are the distributions of genetic identity for groups of 1.) populations within the same species (C), 2.) species within the same genus (B), and 3.) genera within the same family (A)? |
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Definition
| Genetic identity is greatest between populations of the same species (C), and is greater for species in the same genus (B) and even greater for genera in the same family (A). |
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Term
| What is the molecular clock, and what does it do for science? |
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Definition
| It is a concept of a steady rate of change in DNA sequences over time, and it provides the basis for dating the time of divergence of lineages, proving rate of change can be estimated. |
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Term
| What are some techniques for constructing a phylogenetic tree? |
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Definition
| UPGMA, parsimony, neighbor-joining, and maximum likelihood. |
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