Term
| 3 types of gender-related cognitions |
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Definition
1. gender labeling
2. gender identity
3. gender consistency |
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Term
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Definition
take other peoples' points of view into account
problem solving |
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Term
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Definition
| abstract thought + reasoning |
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Term
| Gender cognitive development |
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Definition
Development proceeds through stages. Depends on ability to think about and categorize gender differences. Strive to be consistent with gender.
1. Acquisition of gender-related behavior
2. children learn the correct label for themselves
3. development of gender consistency |
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Term
| Kohlberg's gender identity |
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Definition
-Children seek out gender roles for the power + value of roles.
-Female status lacks power, but is very powerful in home
-children form ways of thinking through experience. understand justice, welfare, equality, etc |
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Term
| Carol Gilligan's Development Theory of Morality |
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Definition
-asked why women's moral development scores were lower than men's
--Why? Androcentric test.
-men tend to place more emphasis on rights + women place more emphasis on CARE when deciding what is wrong and right.
socially constructed. women are socialized to care for others. |
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Term
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Definition
basic elements of how we define sexes.
gender is socialized to be made more important than other schemata
organize and guide perceptions + judgments about how we do or dont fit in
schematas become stereotypes |
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Term
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Definition
Cognitive theory, because it's a learning theory
-modeling, learn gender norms
-choose who your model is |
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Term
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Definition
-set actions/lines
-following gender norms
work to be consistent with gender: learn own gender scripts with more accuracy |
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Term
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Definition
-children seek certain gender roles because of power and value
-developed test to assess morality, but it was androcentric |
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Term
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Definition
-Critiqued Kohlberg's test of morality
-tried to assess why females has lower scores
-determined that women were socialized to make decisions with "CARE" + men made decisions based on "JUSTICE" |
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Term
| Criticisms of cognitive development theory |
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Definition
1. Downplays critical role of culture in development of gender socialization
2. children can determine what toys to se as toddlers, before 3 years old (gender labeling occurs before preferences are evident) |
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Term
| How does cultural training about performance affect a father's interaction with his kids? and how to overcome it? (social learning) |
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Definition
-adherence to rules is primary for men: may be forced to be the punisher/authority figure
-ignore, cover up, and rise above feelings
-only winners are loved
-a father can support a child's problem solving skills without increasing fear of failure
-when father does caretaking, it's positive
-bonding should start at birth
-take steps to shed work environment in home
-father can teach team work
-father should verbalize love |
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Term
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Definition
| secretes releasing hormones to stimulate the pituitary gland, which produces hormones to stimulate the ovaries and testes |
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Term
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Definition
(ovaries + testes)
secrete steroidal hormones to relate to reproductive functioning
ANDROGENS
ESTROGENS
PROGESTINS |
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Term
| 3 steroidal hormones related to reproduction? |
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Definition
Androgens
estrogens
progestins |
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Term
| How many pairs of chromosomes do we have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What pair # are the sex chromosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What chromosome pair for males? and females? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sexual dimorphism: 3 stages |
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Definition
-begins at conception
1. Genetic stage: X + Y combos
2. Gonadal Stage: Reproductive organs active
3. hormonal stage: prenatally + pubertally |
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Term
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Definition
| Male internal reproductive system |
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Term
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Definition
| female reproductive system |
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Term
| Sexual dimorphism in males |
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Definition
| Males produce androgens to mature testes + prompts the development of Wolffian system |
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Term
| Mullerian-inhibiting substance |
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Definition
| causes the mullerian system to degenerate and become male |
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Term
| Sexual dimorphism: females |
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Definition
| mullerian system develops, wolffian system degenerates |
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Term
| Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus |
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Definition
-located in hypothalamus
-most prominent difference between men/women
-2.5 times bigger in men than women
-function = unknown |
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Term
| Spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus |
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Definition
-involved in the ejaculation in men
-involved in vaginal contractions in women
-25% larger in men |
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Term
Presentation:
Men vs women |
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Definition
Men:
1. Rights/justice
2. Emotional detachment – they say that they see things in subject-object terms, but you really see it in principles
3. Universal, abstract, rules, types
Female:
1. Care, betrayal, personal
2. Empathy, tacit understanding
3. Particular/foreground exemptions
4. Unique, listen |
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Term
| Presentation: ethic is about? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget. Slowly expand feelings of awareness + include other people. Less focused on self |
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Term
habituation
What age can they tell the gender of people?
what age can they distinguish between gender-typed activities? |
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Definition
becoming accustomed to an
(note when infants hold attention on object then grow bored)
-can distinguish gender by 7 months
-by 24 months, can distinguish between gender-typical activities |
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Term
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Definition
| mixture of actual information with phony details blended into a realistic portrayal that is actually false |
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Term
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Definition
1. Direct: stable + reoccurring behavior. physical confrontation
2. Relational: behavior that harms others through damage to personal relationships
Indirect: harm through indirect means |
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Term
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Definition
Stable behavior (if you're doing it, you're doing it often)
boys: more likely to engage in physical confrontation
makes the aggression more dangerous |
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Term
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Definition
behavior that harms others through damage to personal relationships
ex: sulking, silent treatment, cattiness |
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Term
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Definition
harm through indirect means
behind the scenes
ex: getting someone blamed for something |
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Term
| kids who are aggressive in middle school... |
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Definition
tend to be more aggressive throughout their entire life
also tend to model aggression on TV more |
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Term
| Why are girls + boys aggressive? |
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Definition
girls: avoid victimization
boys: money + Status, power. advance goals |
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Term
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Definition
harsh discipline provided aggressive behavior in kids
learn that being aggressive gets you what you want |
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Term
| Aggression: essentialist view |
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Definition
| belief that men are more naturally aggressive |
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Term
| Gender differences in crime |
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Definition
| men: 3.5 times more likely to be a perpetrator or victim of violent crime |
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Term
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Definition
15.4% of women report rape since age 14
32% perpetrated by strangers |
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Term
| Shapiro: What is a father? |
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Definition
| Someone who is more than the biological parent: rolemodel |
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Term
| Shapiro: How are fathering roles changing? |
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Definition
| Taking a more active role in childrearing. More responsibility besides financial support |
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Term
| Shapiro: How are fathering roles changing? |
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Definition
| Taking a more active role in childrearing. More responsibility besides financial support |
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Term
| Shapiro: What are the 12 core factors of fatherhood? |
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Definition
| Protecting, facing performance fears, courage, trust, discipline, teamwork |
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Term
| Shapiro: How does the role of provider affect fathering? |
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Definition
| Role strain: go from being at work all day to being a father |
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Term
| What is the nature of a father’s love for his children, according to Shapiro? |
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Definition
| Strongest bond he’s ever felt except possibly to his own parents as a child |
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Term
| Shapiro: How does the cultural training about performance affect a father’s interactions with his children? |
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Definition
| Competitive; want kids to succeed. Tennis example: wouldn’t play tennis with his kids anymore because he was better than him; didn’t want to feel inferior or any less masculine. Learn that love if conditional (I will do things with you, if you don’t make me feel bad). If you do something, you need to do it well or it doesn’t count. If you want to be loved, you must succeed. |
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Term
| Shapiro: How can a father support a child’s problem solving skills without increasing fear of failure? |
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Definition
| Show him failure as well as success. Let son mess up + learn from it. Be encouraging. |
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Term
| “Courage is resistance to fear, mastery of fear,--not absence of fear” How can a father demonstrate this? |
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Definition
| If father is afraid that his wife is going to leave him, he could demonstrate that he loves her and wants to be with her – demonstrate that fear without apologizing for it. |
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Term
| Shapiro: How can a father show trustworthiness in his representation of the outside world? |
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Definition
| Give realistic viewpoint of the world. Be reliable themselves. Not being proud of manipulating others |
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Term
| What does Shapiro say about male compassion and warmth? |
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Definition
| Men sharing feelings while engaged in an activity together: men working on a car together. Example: Childhood friend visited him when he had a broken leg + he cried to him. Show compassion by saying that theyre there for each other |
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Term
| How does a father teach teamwork? |
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Definition
| Let kids join him when he’s working. Making the kids’ task appropriate for them. Slow down enough for the kid to be able to succeed. Ex: can you get me the wrench? |
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Term
| How does the current context of fathering create challenges for dads? |
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Definition
econ: women might take role as provider; men lose self worth – new set of duties as a father, insecurities.
media: men shown as being providers; if put in mom role, they fail.
Male hero: Need to be wise, powerful, emotionless
nuclear family: more isolated – other family isn’t as important. No male father figure for father to look to. More pressure on dad |
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Term
| Shapiro says fathers fail at being junior mothers |
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Definition
| Mothers and fathers don’t understand each others roles as a father, mothers don’t understand how a father can be a mother… so fathers don’t try. |
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Term
| How does a “success object” with three dominating values (problem solver, protector, and provider) redefine his fathering? |
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Definition
| If male feels trapped between roles, failure is more hurtful. Need to look at overall chores, can’t complain that the man doesn’t do anything. Father needs to have legitimacy. |
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Term
| What are some of the major barriers to good fathering? |
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Definition
| Media and popular psychology; culture |
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Term
| What happens during separations? To male children and female children; Separations because of Work, death, divorce, emotional separations? |
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Definition
| Children miss out on important learning and childhood, causes problems with later adult relationships. Males become over-dependent or distant and feel inferior. Girls don’t learn how men communicate feelings, so there isn’t a boundary or limit for men. Seek approval and give up personal standards to please. Emotional unresponsiveness – develop low self-esteem + fear rejection |
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Term
| What are active forms of poor fathering? |
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Definition
| Verbal threat, physical abuse, scapegoating, physical and emotional absence |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychological damage in young children who were deprived of their fathers through separation, divorce, or death. Emotional unavailability. Have a trouble controlling aggression |
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Term
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Definition
1. cognitive responses: diff in men and women
2. Physiological responses (same in men and women, but awareness is different)
3. Behavior responses (diff in men and women) |
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Term
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Definition
emotions you're allowed to show
ex: boys are not allowed to cry in sports + boys are allowed to be more aggressive
learn to disguise or conceal emotion in certain contexts |
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Term
| How can parents teach their sons to interpret emotion? |
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Definition
| facilitate physical exploration, enact harsher discipline, activity and movement |
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Term
| How do parents affect their daughter's ability to interpret emotions? |
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Definition
| increase verbal interaction, increase emotion, descriptive language, sedate and indoor play |
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Term
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Definition
deprived baby monkeys of mothers
conclusion: not dependent on inherent biological factors
contact with other monkeys was critical: social learning of motherly behav |
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Term
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Definition
permanent bond based on contact with mother during critical period
teach emotional regulation with social learning and modeling |
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Term
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Definition
-start parent/child bonding with baby early
lack of support of empirical research but still a popular concept |
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Term
| Children's responsiveness to babies |
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Definition
no difference in gender until 3 years; girls become more responsive because given more dolls
boys take care of pets |
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Term
| Men's involvement in child care |
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Definition
-less involvement than women
-affiliative involvement: socialize, help child, model, aggressive impulses - how to suppress |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to identify and locate the horizontal and vertical planes in presence of distracting information |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to visualize objects as they would appear if rotated in space |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to process spatial information so as to understand the relationship between objects in space |
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Term
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Definition
| involves judgments about moving objects through space, such as predicting when a moving object will arrive at a target |
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Term
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Definition
| security provided by physical contact with a soft, caring, or comforting object |
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Term
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Definition
| intimacy and commitment without passion |
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Term
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Definition
| intimacy without passion or commitment |
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Term
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Definition
| intimacy + passion without commitment |
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Term
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Definition
| commitment without passion or intimacy |
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Term
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Definition
| passion + commitment without intimacy |
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Term
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Definition
| passion + commitment + intimacy |
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Term
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Definition
| running, jumping, throwing balls |
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