Summarize The Cell Theory

1. All Living things are composed of cells
2. The cell is the basic unit of life
3. The chemical reactions of life take place inside the cell.
4. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells
5. Cells carry the genetic information in the form of DNA. This genetic material is passed on from parent to daughter cell.

What are the organelles inside the cell?

• nucleus
• ribosomes
• endoplasmic reticulum
• golgi apparatus
• vescicles
• vacuoles
• lysosomes
• mitochondria
• chloroplasts
• centrioles

Name the 6 kingdoms

1. Bacteria
2. Archea
3. Protista
4. fungi
5. plantae
6. animalia

What are the two types of cells?

How does the fluid mosaic model function?

Reference phospholipids, location of the hydrophillic heads and hydrophobic tails and what can cross the plasma membrane with and without assistance.

The cell membrance consists of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded throughout. The lipids and many layers of proteins can move freely within the membrane.

The phospholipid molecules are long, nonpolar, hydrophobic, "fatty" chains of carbons and hydrogens face each other, with the phosphorous-containing polar, hydrophilic heads facing outwards.

The plasma membrane is readily permeable to both small, non-polar, hydrophobic molecules such as oxygen and small polar molecules such as water. Small charged particles are usually able to cross the membrane through protein channels. Larger charged molecules and ions cross the membrane with the assistance of carrier proteins.

What is the function of the nucleus?

The nucleus controls the activities of the cell,

including cell division

What are histones?

• Histones are structural proteins inside the nucleus that help form chromosomes.
• The DNA winds around histones to make it more compact.
• histones are involved in regulation of gene transcription.

Where does the ribosomal RNA synthesis occur?

The nucleolus

Where is the site of protein production?

The ribosomes are the site of protein production.

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

The Endoplasmic Reticulum is a network of membrane-enclosed spaces involved in the transport of materials through out the cell, particularly materials destined to be secreted by the cell.

What are the two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum?

What are each of their functions?

1. Smooth ER: Does not contain ribosomes, so it is not involved in protein synthesis but instead is involved with the metabolism and the production of lipids.

2. Rough ER: Contains the ribosomes and plays an important role in the production of protein.

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

The golgi apparatus receives vesicles and their contents from the smooth ER and then modifies them (via processes such as glycosylation) repackages them into vesicles and distributes them to the cell surface via exocytosis.

What is the function of the mitochondria?

The Mitochondria is the site of aerobic respiration within the cell and the supplier of energy (ATP)

What organelle is composed of an outer and inner phospholipid bi layer?

The mitochondria.

What is the fluid inside the cytoplasm?

The fluid inside the cytoplasm is the cytosol.

What is cyclosis?

Cyclosis is streaming movement within the cytoplasm.

What are vesicles/vacuoles?

Vesicles and vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs involved in the transport and storage of materials that are ingested, secreted, processed, or digested by the cell.

Vacuoles are larger than vesicles and are more likely to be found in plant cells and not animal cells.

What is the structure and function of centrioles?

Centrioles are composed of microtubules and are involved in spindle organization during cell division.

Where are centrioles located in animal cells?

A pair of centrioles are oriented at right angles to each other that are found in the Centrosome region.

What is the function of the centrosome?

It organizes the microtubules and helps regulate the progression of the cell cycle.

Do plant cells contain centrioles?

Plant cell do not contain centrioles

What is the structure and function of lysosomes?

Lysosome Structure: Membrane-bound vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes

Function: Involved in intracellular digestion by breaking down the material ingested by the cell.

What is autolysis?

A dying cell may self-destruct by rupturing the lysosome membrane and releasing the hydrolytic enzymes.

What is the structure and function of the cytoskeleton?

Cytoskeleton structure: Composed of microtubules microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.

Function: Supports the cell, maintain its shape, and aids in cell motility.

What is the structure and function of microtubules?

Microtubules structure: Hollow rods made up of polymerized tubulin radiate throughout the cell and provide it with support.

Function: Provides the framework for organelle movement within the cell.

What is the structure and function of microfilaments?

Microfilaments structure: Are solid rods of actin.

Function: which are important in cell movement as we as support of muscle contraction.  

Microfilaments move materials across the plasma membrane.

What are the seven ways of cellular transport?

1. Simple Diffusion
2. Facilitated Diffusion
3. Active transport
4. Endocytosis
5. Exocytosis
6. Intracellular Circulation
7. Extracellular Circulation

What is simple Diffusion?

Is energy required?

Simple Diffusion is the net movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradients- from regions of high to low concentration.

Energy is no required.

What is a type of Simple Diffusion?

Define it.

Osmosis: The simple diffusion of water from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration.

What are the three types of osmosis concentration.

1. Hypertonic: When cytoplasm has a lower solute concentration than the extracellular medium

2. Hypotonic: If the extracellular medium is less concentrated than the cytoplasm of the cell and water will flow into the cell, causing it to lyse *burst*

3. Isotonic: If the cytoplasm has the same solute concentration as the cell's cytoplasm. Water will move back and forth in equal amounts across the cell membrane.

What is facilitated diffusion?

Does it require energy?

Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport. The net movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradient through special channels or carrier proteins in the cell membrane.

Energy is not required.

What is Active Transport?

Does it require energy?

Active Transport is the net movement of dissolved particles against their concentration gradient. The carrier molecules or transport proteins aid in the cell's internal content of hte ions and large molecules.

It requires energy.

What are the three types of carrier molecules that facilitate in active transport?

The passage of specific ions and molecules are facilitated by three types of carrier molecules: symporters, antiporters and pumps.

What is a symporter in active transport?

Symporter: Move two or more ions or molecules in the same direction across the membrane.

What is antiporters in active transport?

Antiporters exchange one or more ions (or molecules) for another ion or molecules across the membrane.

What are pumps in active transport?

What is an example?

Pumps in active transport are energy-dependent carriers (Requires ATP)

Sodium-Potassium Pump

What is structure and function endocytosis?

What are the two types of endocytosis?

Endocytosis structure: is a process in which the cell membrane invaginates, forming a vesicle that contains extracellular medium.

Function: Allows the cell to bring large volumes of material into the cell.

Types: Pinocytosis and phagocytosis

What is pinocytosis and phagocytosis?

Pinocytosis: ingestion of fluids or small particles.

phagocytosis: the engulfing of large particles.

What is exocytosis?

In Excocytosis, a vesicle within the cell fuses with the cell membrane and release a large volume of contents to the outside.

Fusion of the vesicle with the cell membrane can play an important role in _________ and ________

Fusion of the vesicle with the cell membrane can play an important role in CELL GROWTH & INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING.

What is an example of signaling to neighboring cells?

Neurotransmitters act as signals to neighboring cells.

What is intracellular circulation?

Intracellular circulation is the movement within a cell.

What are the three types of intracellular circulation?

1. Brownian movement

2. Cyclosis or streaming

3. Endoplasmic Reticulum.

What is brownian movement?

(Intracellular movement)

Brownian movement: kinetic energy spreads small suspended particles throughout the cytoplasm of the cell.

What is cyclosis or streaming?

(Intracellular movement)

Cyclosis is the circular movement of cytoplasm around the cell tranports molecules.

How do thing move within the cell with the

Endoplasmic Reticulum?

The ER forms a network of channels throughout the cytoplasm and provides direct continuous passageway from the plasma membrane to the nuclear membrane.

What is extracellular circulation?

Extracellular circulation is the movement of materials on a larger scale through the body of the organism.

What are two examples of extracellular circulation?

1. Diffusion

2. Circulatory System

What is the function of diffusion in extracellular circulation?

Diffusion can transport food and oxygen from the enviornment to cells, if the cells are in direct or close contact with the external environment.

How does the circulatory system deal with movements of materials through the body of an organism?

(Extracellular circulation)

Circulatory system: When the cells are too far from the external environment to transport materials by diffusion then a circulatory system is needed.

- includes vessels to transport fluid and a pump to drive the circulation.

What is cell division?

Cell division is when the cell doubles its organelles and cytoplasm, replicates its DNA and divides into two.

In Unicellular organism what does cell division mean?

Cell division means reproduction in unicellular organisms.

What does cell division mean for a multicellular organism?

Cell division is a means for growth, development and replacement of worn out cells in multicellular organisms.

What are the two types of courses for cellular division?

1. Meiosis

2. Mitosis

What precedes mitosis and meiosis?

Interphase precedes mitosis and meiosis

What is interphase?

How much time does a cell spend in interphase?

Interphase is the period of growth and chromosome replication. The cell performs its normal cellular function and each choromosome is replicated so that during division a complete copy of the genome is distributed to the daughter cells.

90% of a cell's life is spent in interphase.

During interphase, what happens after replication?

After replication within interphase, the chromosome consist of two identical sister chromatids held togehter by a central region, the centromere. The individual chromosomes are not visible at this time, the DNA is uncoiled and called chromatin.

What are the 3 stages of interphase?

1. G1: This phase initiates interphase. Active growth and can vary in length. Cell increase in size & synthesizes proteins. The length of the G1 phase determines the entire length of the entire cell cycle.

2. S: This is the period of DNA synthesis.

3. G2: The cell prepares to divide in G2. IT grows and synthesizes proteins.

What is the last phase of the cell cycle?

The M Phase is the last phase of the cell cycle which could either be Mitosis or Meiosis, generally resulting in either two identical or 4 non-identical daughter cells.

What is mitosis?

Mitosis is the division and distribution of the cell's DNA