Term
| Vitamin that is a constituent of visual pigment and important for maintenance of epithelial tissues. |
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Definition
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Term
| S/sx of Vit. A deficiency that are small white spots on the conjunctiva. |
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Definition
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Term
| What s/sx of Vit. A def. are commonly found in children? |
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Definition
| Anorexia, growth retardation, and anemia. |
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Term
| What are early s/sx of Vit. A def.? Late s/sx? |
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Definition
| Early - xerosis leading to night blindness. Late - keratomalacia, endophthalmitis, blindness. |
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Term
| What are causes/risk factors of vit. A def.? |
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Definition
| Diets w/ few animal sources, iron def., etohism |
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Term
| What is the tx for vit. A def.? |
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Definition
| Vit. A palmitate oral or IV, food fortification |
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Term
| What vit. is a coenzyme that serves as a catalyst in carb. metabolism and helps synthesize nerve-regulating substances? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does infantile beriberi occur? |
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Definition
| Infants breast-fed by thiamine deficient mothers |
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Term
| Describe the sx of wet beriberi. |
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Definition
| Cardiovascular - peripheral vasodilation, high output failure, dyspnea, tachycardia. |
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Term
| Describe the sx of dry beriberi. |
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Definition
| Neurologic - symmetrical motor and sensory peripheral neuropathy w/ paresthesias, loss of reflexes. |
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Term
| A consequence of thiamine def. that includes nystagmus, ophthalmoplegia, truncal ataxia, and confusion. |
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Definition
| Wernicke's encephalopathy |
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Term
| A consequence of thiamine def. that results in amnesia, impaired learning and short-term memory, hallucinations, and confabulation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 2 risk factors for thiamine def. |
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Definition
| Etohism or chronic dialysis |
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Term
| What is the tx for thiamine def.? Are sx of def. reversible? |
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Definition
| Parenteral thiamine (responds w/i 24hrs). May not be if severe. |
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Term
| Vitamin that is a constituent of 2 co-enzymes involved in energy metabolizing fats, carbs, and proteins. |
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Definition
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Term
| s/sx of isolated riboflavin def. |
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Definition
| Normocytic anemia, affects oral and nasal mucosa |
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Term
| Vitamin that is a constituent of 2 co-enzymes involved in oxidation reduction reactions. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the classic def. syndrome of niacin? Name the 3Ds of its def. |
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Definition
| Pellagra. Dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea. |
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Term
| Vitamin that is a co-enzyme in nucleic acid and amino acid metabolism and enables the body to form Hb. |
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Definition
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Term
| When is folate def. of most concern? What can it cause? |
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Definition
| Pregnancy - LBW, prematurity, neural tube defects (spina bifida) |
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Term
| What type of anemia is seen w/ advanced def. of folate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the best lab test to det. folate def.? |
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Definition
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Term
| What med. can interfere w/ folate utilization and result in def.? (5) |
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Definition
| Anticonvulsants, metformin, sulfasalazine, triamterene, methotrexate. |
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Term
| What are risk factors that can lead to folate def.? (5) |
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Definition
| Pregnancy and lactation, smoking, Celiac dz, dialysis, and liver dz |
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Term
| Vitamin that is a co-enzyme in nucleic acid metabolism and assists the function of the nervous system and the formation of RBCs. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe neurologic sx of Vit. B12 def. |
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Definition
| Numbness, parasthesias, dementia w/ ataxic gait |
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Term
| What are risk factors for vit. B12 def.? |
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Definition
| Vegan diet, malabsorption relating to lack of intrinsic factor or resection of ileum, tapeworm, metformin |
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Term
| Why are elderly at risk for Vit. B12 def.? what does this result in? |
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Definition
| Vit. B12 absorption decreased w/ atrophic gastritis - Pernicious anemia (megaloblastic) |
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Term
| What lab values are used to dx B12 def.? |
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Definition
| Serum homocysteine and methylmalonic acid (elevated in B12 def.) |
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Term
| Vitamin that plays a role in collagen, carnitine, hormone, and amino acid formation. |
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Definition
| Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) |
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Term
| Vitamin C is essential for _____ d/t it role in collagen formation and it also facilitates recovery from ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamin C facilitates absorption of what other nutrient? |
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Definition
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Term
| What condition is a result of severe vitamin C def.? Describe the sx. |
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Definition
| Scurvy. Bleeding from mucus membranes, petechiae/purpura, loose teeth, spongy gums |
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Term
| What group of people have a higher DRI for vitamin C? |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamin that maintains Ca in the bloodstream at a constant level, stimulates absorption of dietary Ca by the intestines and promote bone growth and mineralization. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the condition resulting from vitamin D deficiency in children? Adults? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the sx of rickets? |
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Definition
| Bowed legs and arms, rachitic rosary, knock knees, possible seizures d/t hypocalcemia |
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Term
| What are the sx of osteomalacia? |
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Definition
| Red. bone strength, inc. fx, bone pain, muscle weakness, and waddling walk |
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Term
| What test are performed to dx vitamin D def.? |
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Definition
| X-ray and lab: 25-OH-vitamin D, Ca, and PTH |
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Term
| Vitamin important in blood clotting and involved in formation of active prothrombin. |
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Definition
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Term
| What condition results from vitamin K deficiency called in a neonate? What infants are at greater risk for this deficiency? |
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Definition
| Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. Breast fed infants. |
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Term
| When does vitamin K deficiency occur in adults? |
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Definition
| Dz that result in fat malabsorption (CF), drugs that interfere w/ vitamin K metabolism (Coumadin, phenytoin) or liver dz |
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Term
| What lab results indicate vitamin K deficiency? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lactose in tolerance is the inanility to digest lactose into ____ and _____ d/t low levels of lactase. |
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Definition
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Term
| Lactase deficiency is highest in what races? What race is it lowest? |
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Definition
| Asians, blacks, and Native Americans. Caucasians of N. Europe. |
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Term
| What is the difference between primary and secondary lactose intolerance? |
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Definition
| Primary - low lactase dev. after childhood. Secondary - inability to digest lactose d/t injury to or reduction of mucosa |
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Term
| What are the sx of lactose intolerance? |
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Definition
| Diarrhea, cramping, bloating, inc. flatulence and borborygmous |
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Term
| What additional sx are seen in children w/ lactose intolerance? |
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Definition
| Vomiting and frothy stools |
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Term
| what are the diagnostic tests for lactose intolerance? |
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Definition
| Lactose breath H test (esp. children), lactose absorption test (alternative in adults), and genetic testing |
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Term
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Definition
| Phenylketonuria - autosomal recessive d/o charecterized by def. in enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase |
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Term
| What are the sx of untreated PKU? |
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Definition
| Microcephaly, hyperactivity, seizures, MR |
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Term
| What country has higher rate of PKU than the general population? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does phyenylalanine hydroxylase normally convert phenylalanine to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Celiac disease is a malabsorption syndrome related to an immune reaction to _____ in the diet. |
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Definition
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Term
| What age does celiac dz typ present? |
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Definition
| Infancy (intro of cereal into diet) and 40-50yo |
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Term
| Is celiac dz more common in men or women? What country sees the highest prevalence of celiac dz? |
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Definition
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Term
| The incidence of celiac dz is increased with what other conditions? (5) |
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Definition
| IBS, type 1 DM, primary biliary cirrhosis, and Down's syndrome |
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Term
| What are the s/sx of celiac dz in infancy? |
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Definition
| Abd pain, diarrhea (poss bloody), FTT |
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Term
| Describe the physical appearance of a child w/ celiac dz. |
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Definition
| Protuberant abd, thin thigh muscles, and flat buttocks |
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Term
| What is the diagnostic test for celiac dz? |
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Definition
| Sm. intestine bx, ELISA to det. anti-iTG |
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Term
| What non GI conditions result from untreated celiac dz? |
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Definition
| Dermatitis herpetiformis and osteoporosis |
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Term
| People w/ celiac dz often dev. what other food intolerance? |
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Definition
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Term
| What foods must be avoided in a gluten free diet for celiac dz? |
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Definition
| Wheat, rye, and barley. Oats are typ. contaminated w/ gluten and they're rec. to be avoided. |
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Term
| What is fructose malabsorption? |
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Definition
| A digestive d/o of the small intestine in which the fructose carrier enzyme is deficient resulting in impairment of fructose absorption. |
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Term
| Who is fructose malabsorption most common in? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the sx of fructose malabsorption. |
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Definition
| Bloating, abd pain, nausea, diarrhea, constipation, oily stools |
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Term
| What tests are used to dx fructose intollerance. |
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Definition
| Hydrogen breath test and stool test |
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