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| Childhood obesity rising rapidly in all age groups causes Type II Diabeties |
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| protein and calorie deficiency |
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Definition
| protein deficiency (enough calories) |
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Term
| Malnutrition and Starvation |
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Definition
| Skin breaks down, Hair, enlarged liver, edema (swelling) |
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Term
| Malnutrition and Starvation Effects |
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Definition
-loss of muscle mass
-impaired wound healing**
-impaired immunologic function-->no proteins to make antibodies (glycoproteins)
-decrease appetite
-loss of calcium and phosphate from bone
-anovulation (not ovulating) & amenorrhea (no menstruating)
-decreased testicular function |
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binge eating
inappropriate compensatory behaviors (vomit or laxatives of get out of body) |
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-stimulation of the medullary vomiting center
-distention of the duodenum
-may be accompanied by pallor, sweating, tachycardia, and water salvation |
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-Triggered by vomiting center in medulla
-input from GI tact, cerebral cortex, vestibular apparatus (motion sickness, balance in ears (semicircular canal))
-Hypoxia is a strong trigger
-may involve the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the fourth ventricle
-ADAPTIVE MECHANISM |
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Definition
| difficult swallowing with a sensation of chocking or food sticking in throat, due to stricture or tumor (physical cause) |
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difficult swallowing food or liquid
loss of peristalsis in lower 2/3 |
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Term
| Gastrointestinal bleeding: Hematemesis |
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Definition
blood in the vomitus
- red blood (higher up in GI Tract)
-coffe ground, crumbly appearance (deeper in GI tract) |
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Term
| Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Melena |
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Definition
Blood in stool
-red (hemorroids)
-Tarry black: further up in colon and digestive system)
occult (could be hidden or isn't visibly present but can be tested for) |
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Term
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) |
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Definition
-back flow of gastric contents into the esophagus through the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
-erosion in esophagus from acid- metaplasia-cells change to protect from acid |
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Definition
| fatty foods, caffeine, alcohol, smoking, obesity, progesterone (pregnancy), medications |
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heart burn, chest pain, regurgitation, dysphagia
may be asymptomatic |
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-Defect in the diaphragm that allows portion of the stomach to rise through the diaphragmatic opening into the thorax cavity
-increasing incidence with age
-associated with ascites, pregnancy, obesity, chronic cough |
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Definition
-Dilated blood vessels within the wall of the esophagus
-Diminished liver blood flow causes increased flow through microscopic blood vessels within esophageal wall and vessels dialate
-ASSOCIATED WITH CIRRHOSIS AND PORTAL HYPERTENSION**
- vessel rupture and hemorrhage *death |
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Definition
inflammatory disorder of the gastric mucosa (stomach)
-Acute and Chronic |
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Definition
-Transient inflammation of the gastric mucosa
-not as common; short term inflammation
- associated with local irritants such as:
~ bacterial endotoxins
~ alcohol
~ aspirin |
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Definition
~NSAID's
~Aspirin
~bacterial endotoxins
~alcohol |
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Definition
-absence of grosly visible erosions
-presence of chronic inflammatory changes
-leads to ATROPHY of glandular epithelium of the stomach |
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Definition
-Autoimmune/atrophic (neurological)
~decreased gastric acid
~ few GI symptoms
~ PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
-neurological S&S
- lack of intrinsic factor causing no absorption of vitamin B12 |
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Definition
| - decrease in absorption of B12 due to lack of intrinsic factor |
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Definition
-chronic inflammation of the stomach lining
~Helicobacter pylori**
- interferes with the protection of the gastric mucosa against acid
-most common |
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| Chronic Gastritis Type B S&S |
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Definition
| -stomach pain, indigestion, looks further inflammed |
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Definition
-gastric ulcers (stomach) and duodenal ulcers (first part of small intestine)
-caused my H. pylori** infection
-NSAID (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) [aspirin, ibuprofen] |
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| Peptic Ulcer Manifestations |
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Definition
- Burning, gnawing pain***
-relieved by food, antacids**
-Epigastric pain
-occurs when stomach is empty (most exposed to acid)
-Epithelial cells get eaten away; erosion and acid will touch area; WBC to destroy bacteria & will destroy whole cell- autoimmune |
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Definition
-much more common
-any ages (20-50)
-Type O blood- but also in other blood types
-family history |
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Definition
much less common
-older age (55-70)
-no family history
-increased risk of stomach cancer |
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| Complications of peptic ulcers |
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Definition
HEMORRHAGE- bleeding from tissue or from erosion of ulcer into an artery or vein
OBSTRUCTION- caused by edema, spasm, or contraction of scar tissue and interference with the free passage of gastric contents through the pylorus or adjacent areas (SURGY)
PROTRUSION: ulcer erodes through all layers of stomach or duodenum wall; stomach contents spill into body; irritation and infection; VERY SEVERE*** |
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Definition
-narrowing of pylorus due to hypertrophy of surround muscle
-infants 3-12 weeks old
-jewish caucasian male
S&S: Projectile Vomiting**, dehydration, weight loss, WAVES OF PERISTALSIS ACROSS STOMACH |
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Definition
Inflammation of the stomach and small intestine
-infection organism
-diarrhea throughout night and day, fever**\
-nausea, vomitting, diarrhea, malaise (severe fatigue) |
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Term
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) |
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Definition
-chronic (>3 months) functional disorder with no identifiable pathology
-fluctuations of stool frequency and consistency
-no nocturnal diarrhea** no fever**
-anxiety or depression |
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Definition
-persistant or recurrent symptoms of abdominal pain
-altered bowel function (diarrhea or constipation)
-flatulence, bloating
-nausea, anorexia, anxiety or depression
-college students |
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Definition
infrequence or difficult passage of stools
-frequent side effects of narcotics*
-elderly (less active)
-may lead to fecal impaction (serious) |
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Definition
- failure to respond to urge
-low fiber diet
-low fluid intake
-bed rest/inactivity
-weakness in abdominal muscles
-pregnancy (extra pressure)
-hemorrhoids (painful so try not to) |
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| Fecal Impaction and etiology |
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Definition
- painful anoretical disease (MANUALLY REMOVE)
-reliance on laxatives*
-use of constipating antiacids
-prolonged bed rest/inactivity
-a low residue diet
-tumors
-neurogenic disease
-drug induced colonic stasis |
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Term
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) |
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Definition
Autoimmune origin
-familial tendency (family diease)
-systemic manifestations
-intermittent (On and off) diarrhea
-RLQ pain
-weight loss
-malaise (fatigue) |
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Term
| Ulcerative Colitis manifestations |
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Definition
-exudative lesions (produce fluid)
-colon and rectum*
-mucosal layers are infected*
-bloody diarrhea*
-increased risk of COLON CANCER |
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Definition
-Granulomatous lesions (no as acute)
-"cobblestone" appearance (bumpy)
-affects any portion of GI tract
-affects all layers
-no blood in diarrhea
-RLQ pain
-Fistulas common--> inflammation gets deeper and eats away lining of walls
-stenosis (scarring) |
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Inflammation of Small and large intestines
- pseudomembranous (adults)
-enterocolitis (C. diff)
-necrotizing enterocolitis (infants) |
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Definition
-Pseudomembranous***
- associated with antibiotic treatment (kill good bacteria)
-symptoms may be severe
-nosocomial infection
-strong odor, bloody diarrhea** |
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Term
| Necrotizing Enterocolitis |
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Definition
Acute abdomen in premature newborns
S&S: feeding intolderance, ABDOMINAL DISTENTION, blood stools
areas on bowel become necrotic; without treatment baby will die; SURGERY
inflammation kills small intestine |
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Term
| Intestinal Obstruction: Mechanical |
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Definition
Physical obstruction blocking bowel
-tumor
-intussusception- bowel folds inside itself
-volvulus- twisting
-hernia-protrusion of organ or tissue
-adhesions- scar tissue |
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| Intestinal Obstruction: Paralytic |
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Definition
- neurogenic or muscular impairment
-post abdominal surgery
-early peritonitis |
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| Effects of Intestinal Obstruction |
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Definition
- fluid and gasses get trapped in bowel (bowel is stretch)
-loss of fluid and electrolytes
-compromised mucosal blood flow (necrosis)
-rapid growth of bacteria releasing endotoxins (liquid and partial digestion of food)
-strangulation (hernia), gangrene, perforation of bowel |
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| Manifestations of Intestinal Obstructions |
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Definition
Pain
absolute constipation
abdominal distention
hyperactive (borborygums- stomach growling loudly) or hypoactive bowel sounds
-vomiting |
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Definition
Herniations of the mucosa through the muscular coat of the colon
out pockets, inflamed, rupture, needs surgery |
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Definition
inflammation of one or more diverticula
food trapped in bubble in outpocket |
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| Etiology of Diverticulitis and presentation |
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Definition
increase age (70s, 80s, 90s)
low fiber diet
- LLQ pain (sigmoid colon), severe constipation, nausea, fever |
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Definition
inflammation, edema, gangrene of appendix
- RLQ
-rebound tenderness
-nausea
-increase in WBCs and fever
-increase in band cells- acute infections cause immature WBCs to become activated |
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Definition
-inflammation of peritoneum
Etiology:
- perforated peptic ulcer
-ruptured appendix
-perforated diverticulum
-gangrene bowel
-pelvic inflammatory disease (STD)
-gangrenous gallbladder
-abdominal trauma and wounds- gun shot |
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Definition
permits rapid absorption of bacterial toxins
favors to dissemination of contaminants (body tries to isolate)
-great inflammatory response causes release of thick, fibrinous exudate |
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Term
| peritonitis manifestations |
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Definition
-abdominal pain & tenderness
-ridged, board, like adbdomen
-guarding,
-no bowel sounds***
-fever**--> material in GI tract is not sterile so will have bacterial- rais temp to inhibit growth
-tachycardia
-nausea and vomitting |
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Term
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Definition
-Digestive disease that damages the small intestine and interferes with absorption of nutrients from food
- cannot tolerate a protein called gluten, found in wheat, rye or barley
-damage to microvilli in SI |
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Definition
- fatty stools, weight loss **
-recurring abdominal bloating and pain, gas, chronic diarrhea, pale, foul-smelling,fatigue |
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| Manifestations of Celiac Disease |
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Definition
- infancy
-failure to thrive**- not geting enough nutrients
-diarrhea
-abdominal distention**
-occasionally, severe malnutrition |
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Definition
3rd most common cancer
occurs over age 50
S&S no early symptoms, later bowel habits change, blood in stool |
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| Colon Cancer- risk factors |
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Definition
-age
-family history
-ULCERATIVE COLITIS
-chron's disease
-familial adenomatous polypopsis
-diet |
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Term
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Definition
-mass of swollen veins in anus or rectum
-idiopathic
S & S; painful to pass stools; blood in stools |
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