Term
|
Definition
| Close association between two different types of organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Relationship in which members of two different species benefit and neither suffers from association |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Relationship in which one species gains some benefit while the other species has no advantage |
|
|
Term
| Saprobes, Saprobic, Saphrobic |
|
Definition
| term for organism that feeds on dead organic matter; most of fungi are saprobic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One species of the association benefits while the other is harmed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| with flattened cristae; oomycetes have mitochondria with chloroplasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hollow tube hairs on the ends of flagella on oomycetes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are fungi with small "f" but because of retronemes and they have ameboid pseudopodial stage; they are also social like protozoa; heterotrophic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| encapsulated and unicellular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| filamentous and multicellular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chitin & beta-glucans; chlorophytes and other fungus-like but not Fungi orgs have cellulose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absorptive - because of chitin in cell wall, cannot phagocytize; plants are photosynthetic, animals are phagotrophic |
|
|
Term
| How are fungi main players? |
|
Definition
| they are the main contributors of carbon to terrestrial environment. w/o Carbon, it would be 100 years left of photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
| Four Fungi Phylum (based on reproduction stage) |
|
Definition
| Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Zygomycetes, Chytridiomycetes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The fungi is directed by the environment - choose best mode for survival; bad environment would direct sexual; good environment would direct asexual. Both stages morphologically distinct. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fungi still eukaryote but because they live w/i host & absorb nutrients, they are Fungi Kingdom. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cavelier-Smith found that Fungi have chitinous cell wall and absorb nutrients. Originally thought they were pre-ancestral flagellates that phagocytized w/ loricae made of chitin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows for searching of nutrients in other areas if current environment lacking; filaments are very robust (unlike bacteria); can go through substrate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one-sided attraction to food source (no gradient like chemotaxis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Zygomycetes (derived from Chytrids) Coenocytic hyphae with septa only where reproductive cells are formed; form asexual sporangiospores; Zygosporangium is one big structure, like a sac, holding zygospores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ascomycetes; sac fungi; septic hyphae in mycelium; asexual reproduction leads to formation of conidiospores; ascospores on inside of sac but outside of fungi; even number of spores because meiosis; sexual & asexual (holomorphs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Basidiomycetes; Have a basidium & basidiospores; spores on outside; sexual & asexual (holomorphs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oldest known fungi; "chytrids"; zoospores; flagella w/o retronemes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| saclike reproductive structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reproductive structure on which sexual spores are produced after hyphal fusion; spores don't mature inside mushroom - they do it outside in the gills |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Chytrids"; only fungi w/ flagella but no retronemes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anamorphic because no known sexual stage; might never have had it or lost it along the way; "mitosporic fungi" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deuteromycetes - no known sexual stage; asexual state; parasexuality; some of most frequently encountered fungi; ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; produce conidia - identified by development, morphology & conidiogenous cell & conidia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oomycetes, not true Fungi; zoospores allow them to live in wet environment; fungi with small "f" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fungi-like protozoans that are motile; only resemble fungus in morphology
Acellular slime molds: like separated slugs; form structures to protect selves when nutrients limited; were myxomycetes; one big cell w/ millions of nuclei
cellular slime molds: amoeba joined together to form one signal to sporylate
protozoa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plants w/o stems, roots or leaves; very filamentous and simple (like algae) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vegetative body of thallophyte; used to designate somatic organization of fungus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long branched filaments used by mold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thick mass of intertwined hyphae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| term for diseases caused by fungi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plant-pathogenic specialized hyphae that invade plant cell walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Basidiomycetes & Ascomycetes; have crosswalls; control of water balance so live in dry conditions. 2-4 microns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Zygomycetes; no crosswalls; no control of water balance; live in damp conditions bcz of lack of water control; Can be up to 10 microns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alternate between unicellular and multicellular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aseptate hyphae; sexual cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| go on path of least resistance in search of nutrients; can spread out through substrate to look for food; macroscopic - mushroom like |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protection to spore-producing part of fungi; balled up mycelium (tissue) to elevate fungi to spread spores better; macroscopic; only part of fungi that can be grown in lab with right conditions (cannot do plants/animals) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Requires microscope to view;
Molds & Yeast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mushrooms, toadstools, basidiomycetes & ascomycetes; visible to naked eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| asexual stage - form asexual spores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Teleomorph & Perfect Stage; can be used for protection & survival. Only one stage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anamorph & Imperfect Stage; zillions of spores can be released. This classification is used in biomedical mycology; can have several dozen asexual stages but still same organism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fungi can switch between sexual and asexual stages based on the need and environment; morphologically different and occur at different times and places (rarely at same time); one species can form several types of spores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Because fungi doesn't have 1 specific sexual state; cannot determine naming convention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Whole fungus - sexual & asexual states |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sexual state "perfect state" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| asexual state "imperfect state"; also mitosporic state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fusion of two nuclei --> diploid stage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two cells that have fused with their own nuclei to create one cell with two nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| meiosis occurs after reproduction stages to restore haploid stage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Heterokaryosis; expression of multiple phenotypes; a lot of asexual fungi can have this (plasmogamy); appearance of sexuality - rearranged phenotype
Expression of different types of nuclei at same time w/i mycelium mass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fungal structure of tissue; naked asci; Cleistothecia is closed, hollow sphere
Perithecia: flask-like
Apothecia: cup or disk-like with stalk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spores are released from gills under caps; these can be very lethal to small animals
colors of spores can determine species and genera (white, lilac, pink, black, etc); dead air w/i crevices where spores stored until released by wind, water, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Red ball structures with zygospores inside
two mating types (+, -) with suspensors that are held up by stalks; they come together and reproduce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| depending on stage or situation, suspensors can have different morphologies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| asexual spores from mitosporic fungi (conidium singular); almost always ascomycetes or basidiomycetes; long chains allow for conidia to be dispersed by wind; hyphae are under surface medium or host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mitosporic fungi; most common; conidia produced on exposed conidiophores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mitosporic fungi; mycelial forms that are sterile but produce differentiated vegetative structures; cannot germinate or produce spores so unidentified; not morphologically distinct; 2 types: chlamydospores, sclerotia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large, round cell w/ thick wall; survival stage w/o sexual stage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dense, compact masses of hyphae & mycelium that survive in very low temps and are hard, dark pigmented structure; some form on wheat w/ alkaloids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mitosporic fungi; produce conidia in conidiomata; mainly in plants, plant pathogens; spores not out in open; plant-related saprotrophs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| asexual cavities w/ conidiospores lining w/i; not out in open; grow on plants or plants on dead wood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of hyphae on conidiophore that is above substrate or surface and extends up to allow better spreading of conidia (spores) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Have zoospores (motile); single flagella; zygote as resting spore resembles zygomycetes; in moist environment - aquatic or terrestrial; saprotrophs or parasites; coencytic thallus |
|
|
Term
| Fungal Physiology Characteristics |
|
Definition
| Chemoorganotrophs; osmotrophic; parasites use exoenzymes to attack & break down substrates & also help metabolize |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used to attack & break down substrate when cannot get things into cell wall; yeast does not need because they reside in rotting foods with simple sugars that quickly absorb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compound with known metabolic function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compound w/o known function; most medically necessary things from secondary; growth stopped but can still produce compounds for medical or industrial purposes |
|
|
Term
| Major Secondary Metabolites |
|
Definition
| Terpenes, Carotenoids, Steroids, Antibiotics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Waste products, reserve storage food, safety-valve shunts, specialized functions: chelators, hormones, antibiotics; carbon-nitrogen ratio can be balanced out with this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Major moderators of carbon cycle; have to degrade lignin to get to cellulose (more complex) so CO2 can be released; most organisms cannot break lignin; brown wood rotting fungi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protects polysaccharides from enzymatic digestion; oxidative process; not primary carbon source |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Complex; needed for primary carbon source |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| association of fungus and algae - two organisms intertwined to form what looks like individual organism; fungus responsible for nutrients, algae has photosynthesis and returns other nutrients to fungus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| association between hyphae of certain fungi & absorptive organs of plants; spread out into substrate or soil & bring in nutrients; fungus makes plants more competitive; 30% of plants have association |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lichens; can live where others cannot; they start process of soil formation & produce acids that decompose minerals of rocks, allow for other organisms can come in; has maculae, medulla, upper/lower cortex, algal layer, rhizine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary or secondary metabolites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| known function = biproducts that are made and can be used for later chemical functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no known function = waste products not needed but can be used by other organisms (antibiotics, steroids) |
|
|
Term
| Why are exoenzymes needed? |
|
Definition
| from outside cell to help fungi absorb nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vegetative state of fungi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| phylogenetically heterogenous but similar in characteristics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one-sided attraction to nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
