Term
| What are some characteristics of cancer cells? |
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Definition
Cancer cells undergo unregulated growth
Cancer cells become immortal (active growth when they should be quiescent)
Cancer cells have increased nutrient uptake
Cancer cells in tissue culture become anchorage independent. |
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Term
| Do (DNA/RNA) tumor viruses activate growth signaling pathways? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do (DNA/RNA) tumor viruses disrupt pathways to prevent cell proliferation? |
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Definition
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Term
Are oncogenes associated with (DNA/RNA) tumor viruses?
Are tumor suppressors associated with (DNA/RNA) tumor viruses? |
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Definition
oncogenes – RNA tumor viruses
tumor suppressors – DNA tumor viruses |
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Term
| Can cancer develop from one mutation? |
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Definition
No-Cancers develop in many steps due to many mutation events
Many different pathways can lead to tumor formation
Many different pathways can lead to tumor formation |
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Term
What type of cancer is derived from lymphoid cells (blood cells)?
What type of cancer is derived from epithelial or endothelial cells?
What type of cancer is derived from connective tissue cells? |
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Definition
Leukemias (derived from lymphoid cells)
Carcinomas (derived from epithelial or endothelial cells)
Sarcomas (derived from connective tissue cells) |
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Term
What is a gain of function?
What is a loss of function? |
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Definition
Oncogene (mutant form of proto-oncogene)
Tumor suppressor gene |
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Term
| In transgenic mice, putting together the Myc oncogene and Ras oncogene results in what? |
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Definition
| dramatic increase in the number of tumors that come (additive) |
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Term
Does an oncogene require a single mutation event or both copies of the gene to be mutated to cause a tumor?
Does a tumor suppressor require a single mutation event or both copies of the gene to be mutated to cause a tumor? |
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Definition
Oncogene- single mutation
tumor suppressor- both copies of gene knocked out |
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Term
| What is the naturally occurring virus that form solid tumors in chickens? (1st virus to show oncogene)? |
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Definition
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Term
HPV is a (DNA or RNA) virus?
What does it cause? |
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Definition
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Term
What virus causes mononucleosis and it can progress to ______ (can be life threatening)
Is it a DNA or RNA virus? |
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Definition
Herpes (especially Epstein Barr Virus)
Burkitts lymphoma
DNA |
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Term
Hepatitis causes what?
Which type of hepatitis is a DNA virus?
Which is a RNA virus? |
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Definition
Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer)
Hep B - DNA
Hep C - RNA |
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Term
What is the T-cell leukemia (Japan), 1% of those people infected will develop cancers
Is it an RNA or DNA virus? |
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Definition
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Term
Retroviruses are the prototypic (DNA or RNA) tumor virus?
What is required for the retrovirus life cycle? |
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Definition
RNA
integration into the chromosome |
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Term
| What are the 2 ways retroviruses can cause tumors? |
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Definition
Acute transforming viruses – carry oncogenes in the virus RNA genome (can transform cells in culture, may be replication competent or replication defective-need helper virus)
Non acute (chronic) transforming viruses don’t carry oncogenes
Non acute (chronic) transforming viruses don’t carry oncogenes (Can't transform cells in culture but still capable of replication, can cause tumors over 1-2 years) |
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Term
Can Acute or Non acute transforming viruses transform cells in culture?
Which one takes a long time to form tumors? |
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Definition
Acute transforming viruses
non acute transforming viruses (1-2 years) |
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Term
| What did the Nobel prize experiment demonstrate? |
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Definition
| each retrovirus contains an oncogene, which it somehow captures from the chromosome. And we call that chromosomal un-mutated copy the proto-oncogene |
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Term
What does the erbB oncogene do to the EGF receptor protein?
What mutation in neu causes it to send growth signals?
What class are these mutations? |
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Definition
erbB deletes extracellular domain --> continuous growth
neu- Mutation of Val to Gln results in continuous growth
Class II |
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Term
| What can we use to help us identify the points in the pathway where cells are susceptible to mutations that can result in cancer |
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Definition
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Term
| List the 4 classes of oncogenes |
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Definition
I-oncogenes that mimic growth factors to induce cell proliferation (rare)
II-Mutated Receptors
III-Intracellular transducers
IV-transcription factor oncogenes |
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Term
What class is where oncogenes mimic growth factors to induce cell proliferation ("phoney growth factors")?
What is the most common example and what does growth factor does it act like? |
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Definition
Class I (rare)
Sis-acts like growth factor PDGF
(from simian sarcoma virus [PDGF] and Pl-FeSV [cat sarcoma virus]) |
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Term
| What class is oncogenes that result from mutations of cell-surface receptors, usually resulting in an overactive or constitutive protein-tyrosine kinase (PTK)? |
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Definition
| Class II- mutated receptors |
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Term
Class II:
What oncogene is from McDonough feline sarcoma virus that affects CSF-1 receptor?
What oncogene is from avian erythroblastosis virus and affects epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor?
What oncogene is from UR2 avian sarcoma virus and related to insulin receptor
What oncogene is from S13 avian sarcoma virus and related to human growth factor (HGF) receptor |
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Definition
fms – from McDonough feline sarcoma virus – CSF-1 receptor
erbB – from avian erythroblastosis virus – epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor
ros – UR2 avian sarcoma virus – related to insulin receptor
sea – S13 avian sarcoma virus – related to human growth factor (HGF) receptor |
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Term
Intracellular transducers (takes signals from receptors and transduce to nucleus) is what class of oncogene?
What are the 4 types of oncogene transducers? |
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Definition
Class III
1. Protein-tyrosine kinases (add a phosphate to specific tyrosine amino acids)
2. Protein-serine/threonine kinases (add a phosphate to specific serine or threonine amino acids)
3. G-protein (Ras) proteins (Trimeric GTPases that bind GTP to become active as signal transducers)
4. Phospholipase C (PKC) (Activated by certain G-proteins to trigger inositol phospholipid signaling pathway) |
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Term
| Mutated (signal transducer molecules OR transcription factors) send incorrect "on" signals? |
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Definition
| Mutated signal tranducer molecules send incorrect “on” signals |
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Term
| Mutated (signal transducer molecules OR transcription factors) turn on genes at inappropriate times? |
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Definition
| Mutated transcription factors turn on genes at inappropriate times |
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Term
What class is transcription factor oncogenes?
What are the 2 examples that are components of transcription factor AP1? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which retroviruses have oncogenes, they’re dominant mutations; they’re gain of function mutations. They work relatively quickly. They disrupt cell regulatory protein pathways by making phony growth factors, by making mutated receptors, by making mutated transducer molecules, or by making altered transcription factors |
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Definition
| Acute transforming viruses |
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Term
| Which retrovirus acts by insertion into the chromosome near a proto oncogene, don't carry oncogenes but can still cause a tumor but takes longer? |
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Definition
| Non acute (chronic) transforming viruses |
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Term
| What are the different ways of insertional activation of proto-oncogene? |
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Definition
a) viral enhancer activation (acts on a nearby gene)
b) viral promoter insertion (transcribes a nearby oncogene, puts promoter upstream of proto oncogene and turn it on at appropriate times)
c) post-transcriptional dysregulation (altered transcription, processing, or stability; insert after gene)
d) insertional inactivation or gene truncation (inactivate a gene; recessive mutation/tumor suppressor gene) |
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Term
| Human Adenovirus is a (DNA or RNA) virus? |
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Definition
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Term
Papovavirus is a (DNA or RNA) virus?
What are the types of Papovavirus? |
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Definition
DNA
Simian Virus 40 (SV40)
JC virus
BK virus |
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Term
| Many DNA tumor viruses encode proteins that bind to and sequester _______ to keep it in ___ phase |
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Definition
retinoblastoma (Rb)
S phase |
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Term
| What is a rare form of ocular tumor that develop from neural precursor cells in the immature retina that occurs in childhood? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the 2 forms of retinoblastoma?
What chromosome is the deletion in? Is it a recessive or dominant mutation? |
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Definition
-hereditary (multiple tumors affecting both eyes) - germline mutation in one copy of gene predisposes individual to retinoblastoma
-non-hereditary (single tumor in one eye)
deletion in chromosome 13, recessive |
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Term
| How does the retinoblastoma gene (Rb) shut off cell proliferation? |
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Definition
| by binding to E2F (a transcription factor) |
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Term
| What do the viral proteins do with Rb to promote cell proliferation? |
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Definition
| viruses mimic inactivation by binding up all the Rb that’s in the cell so there is free E2F to turn on all the genes to make DNA polymerase and other things |
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