Clade Alveolata (alveolates)

Clade Stramenopila

Have alveoli (sacs) beneath their plasma membrane that support the cell surface.

Includes:

• Apicomplexa
• Dinoflagellates
• Ciliates

Apical Complex for host penetration, complex life cycle including sexual and asexual reproduction. 

Ex. Plasmodium - causative agent of Malaria. Vector - female Anopholes mosquito

Sexual takes place in mosquito, asexual in humans.

Marine. Armor of cellulose plates, photoautotrophs and heterotrophs, spinning movements produced by 2 flagella, rapid growth of some dinoflagellate populations causes Red tides.

Ex. Ceratium Hirundinella

Nonphotosynthetic - zooplankton

Use cilia to move and feed.  Large macronuclei / small micronuclei.  Micronucleus functions during conjugation.  Conjugation in Paramecium is a sexual process of genetic recombination, but is not a reproductive process.  The same 2 cells begin the process and are there at the end, no new cells

Ex. Paramecium mutimicronucleatum 

Multicellular ONLY.  MOSTLY marine helps are large, like the Macrocystis may be up to 60 meters long.  Some float in mats, like Sargassum.  Most are attached by a HOLDFAST

Ex. Laminaria, Ectocarpus, Sargassum

This is a clade containing several other clades including red algae (rhodophyta), land plants, chlorophytes, and charophytes.

Used to be caled land plants, recognized as descendants of green and red algae.  All are photosynthetic and contain chloroplasts; 2 clades of "green algae" chlorophytes and charophytes.  Contain chlorophylls a and b, and starch is their storage product.  Storage carbohydrates - Amylose / Amylopectin

Colors ranging from green to black because of phycoerythrin.  MOST are multicellular, largest are seaweeds.  Most abundant large algae in coastal waters of the tropics.  Chlorophyll a and c present no flagellated stages

Ex. Porphyra (sushi wrapper)

Green algae, chlorophyll a and b present, 17,000 + species MOSTLY freshwater, SOME marine, SOME moist terrestrial.

Exs. Spriogyra, Ulva (Sea Lettuce)

The land plants probably evolved from a common ancestor shared with the Charales

Ex. Chara

Unicellular, parasitic, lack mitochondria

Ex.  Giardia lamblia - contaminates water supplies and causes intestinal disease giardiasis.  2 equal sized haploid nuclei

No mitochondria, locomotion by flagella and undulating membrane

Exs: Trichomonas vaginalis - causes sexually transmitted disease in humans

    Trichonympha - Symbiont found in the gut of termites

Unicellar and flagellated diverse nutritional requirements many species are fully autotrophic in the sun and shift to heterotrophy in the dark, called "MIXOTROPHIC".

Euglena has a unique storage carbohydrate called paramylon

Have a large mitochondrion which contains a kinteoplast - a unique structure housing multiple circular DNA molecules and associated proteins

Parastic kinetoplastids ex. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, cause African Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosomiasis).  The vector/carrier is the Tsetse fly, or Glossina

Unicellular, aquatic, mostly amoeboid.

• Foraminifera (Foram)
• Radiolarians

Most have fused tests made of silica (SiO2, Siliceous) which constitute an internal skeleton (endoskeleton)

Found EXCLUSIVELY in marine environments.  Ingest microorganisms by phagocytosis using their pseudopodia, which radiate from their central body.

Unikonts

If flagella are present, they are single.  Animals and fungi are both believed to have arisen from a common ancestor within the opisthokont clade.

Clade Opisthokont

Clade Amoebozoa

Amoebas with lobe-shaped pseudopods.

Ex. Loboseans, Plasmodial Slime Molds, Cellular Slime Molds

Consists of a single cell.  Unlike cells of slime molds, they don't aggregate.  Feed by phagocytosis using pseduopods.  Move by psedupods.

Ex. Amoeba proteus

Plasmodium or feeding stage is a wall-less mass of cytoplasm with numerous diploid nuclei (coenocytic or multinucleate).  The plasmodium extends pseudopodia through decomposing material engulfing food by phagocytosis.  

Ex.  Physarum