“Clean Technique”. Technique used to denotes most but not all microorganisms. A technique would be hand washing

Parasites that attack the body when weak. Yeast and moulds.

 Singled celled organism that is classified as a parasites. They live on other living organisms with benefits only to themselves. 

“Nosocomial Infection” or health-care-associated infections are dangerous because of the amount of sick people together and the cleanliness of the hospital.

     Direct Contact – Person to person

Indirect Contact – Contaminated door knob

                Droplet – Sneeze, cough

                Airborne – Droplet nuclei, dust

                Vehicle-Borne – Inanimate materials ex. hanky, toys

                Vector Borne – Animals, insects

       Assessments made during hygienic care

- Hygiene practice / self care abilities

- Any problems associated with the skin, feet, nails, oral cavity, hair, scalp, ears, eyes, nose

- Use of sensory aides, cultural practices

- Risk for hygiene problems

       Reasons for mouth care, foot care and washing techniques

- Mouth care is important avoid halitosis, a cavity, and periodontal disease

- Foot care is important so you don’t develop any problems such as callus, corn, plantar warts, fissures, tinea pedis, and an ingrown nail 

- Bathing removes accumulated oil, perspiration, dead skin cells, and some bacteria. Bathing also gives the nurse a chance to do a full body assessment

      Principals of body mechanics

Assessments made for a regular and occupied bed

- The stability of the body is greater when there is a wide base of support, a low center of gravity, & when a vertical line from the center of gravity falls within the base of support

- Using a group of large muscles places less strain on the body than using a group of smaller muscles

- Holding a weight close to the body requires less effort than holding it away

- Facing the direction of task & turning the body in 1 plane lessens incidence of injuries caused by twisting

- Maintaining good body mechanics reduces fatigue in the muscle groups

- Use the quadriceps as they are the longest and strongest muscles used for lifting

- Assessments for activities and how much the client can help you

      Positioning for ulcer prevention

- Bed ridden clients – q2hrs;

- Wheelchair bound ≤ 1 hour in same position - weight shift q 10-15 min.

- Avoid trochanter; use 30 degree lateral; relieve pressure off /between boney prominences; HOB ≤ 30 degrees if elevated; use lifting devices as necessary; individualize plan

- Pressure relief surface of bed (RoHo Mattress / Egg Crate Mattress)

       Stage one of pressure sores

-Alteration of intact skin; Changes in skin temperature, tissue consistency, sensation; Persistent redness or red, blue, purple colour in darker pigmented skin

Partial Thickness skin loss involves epidermis, dermis or both; Superficial

 Hyperemia

How to put someone on a bed pan

- Turn the client on their side and place it under their buttocks

- Roll the client on top of the bed pan and cover them with the linen

- Lower the bed, pull up the side rails, give them TP, the call bell and give them some privacy

Bowel Elimination Problems

    Colostomy

  Diarrhea

- Passage of loose, unformed stools

  How to feed a person with dysphasia

How to feed a person with blindness

Devices used for positioning

- Partial Standing Lift: An electrical lift that moves a client from a bed, chair, toilet or floor

- Permanently Mounted Lift: Lift never comes out of the ceiling

- Horizontal Airtransfer Mattress: A device that reduces the nurses exposure to back injury 

      How to prevent pressure ulcers and what to do when you find one

•          Pressure - Reposition Q2hrs; Frequent mobility & activity  re-assessments; Shearing Force; Prevent by keeping HOB of bed below 30 degrees

•          Friction - Proper transfer/lifting technique; Sheepskin protectors; Skin sealants; Hydrocolloid dressings; Moisturizers

•          Moisture - Clean & dry; Change & check frequently

•          Nutrition - Provide supplements; Ensure receiving adequate amts of Vitamin A, C and zinc

       Movements of range in motion

- Flexion: Decreasing the angle of the joint (Bend elbow)

- Extension: Increasing the angle of the joint (Straightening the arm at the elbow)

- Hyperextension: Overextension of straightening of the joint (bending hand backwards)

- Abduction: Movement of the bone away from the midline of the body

- Adduction: Movement of the bone toward the midline of the body

- Rotation: Movement of the bone around its central axis

- Circumduction: Movement of the distal part of the bone in a circle while the proximal end remains flexed

- Eversion: Turning the sole of the foot outward by moving the ankle joint

- Inversion: Turning the sole of the foot inward by moving the ankle joint

- Pronation: Moving the bones of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces downward when held in front of the body

- Supination: Moving the bones of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces upward when held in front of the body

- Protraction: Moving a part of the body forward in the same plane parallel to the ground

- Retraction: Moving a part of the body backward in the same plane parallel to the ground

      How to walk/transfer a patient with hemiparesis

- For client’s with hemiparesis (one-sided weakness) or hemiplegia (one-sided paralysis):

- Nurse stands/assists on affected side; One arm around client’s waist & other on inferior aspect of upper arm thus hand is under client’s axilla; Client’s unaffected arm is free to assist

       What to do if the person has problems walking

  Use of walkers

- Can support 50% of body weight

- Used for: Arthritis of knees/hips; Moderately severe balance/gait disorders; Generalized weakness of hips/legs

- Arm 20 to 30 degree bend

- Height wrist to floor – Walker; Rt foot; Lt foot

     Use of canes   

- Can support 25% of body weight

- Used for: Arthritis of knees & hips; Mild balance problems; Foot/leg injuries

- Keep on stronger side; Arm 20-30 degree bend; 2 points of support at all times

- Wrist to floor length: Cane, Weak leg, Strong leg