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FSN 416
416
112
Science
Not Applicable
12/07/2010

Additional Science Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Public health key roles
Definition
-prevent spread of disease and epidemics
-protect againts env hazards
-prevent injuries
-promote healthy behaviors, mental health
-assure quality of care
Term
Public health fxns
Definition
-assessment (identify problems, eval effectivness of health services)
-policy development (support, inform, educate, mobilize)
-assurance (assure a competent public health and person care workforce, enforce laws related to health and safety, link ppl to care when needed)
Term
community nutritionist
Definition
on-the-ground neighborhood level work, focuses on needs of smaller group, usually employed by NGO, city, county
Term
Public health nutritionist
Definition
works at population level, manages policy/eval programs, usually employed by state, federal, county agency
Term
Health =
Definition
state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of infirmity (WHO)
Term
Public health and health care continuum
Definition
primary - risk, holistic med
secondary - onset, illness, holistic
teriary - treatment, diagnosis, rehabilitation, outcome, illness, tradition med, holistic med
Term
health promotion
Definition
preempts disease
Term
six leading causes of death in US
Definition
heart disease, cancer, chronic lower resp disease, accidents, diabetes
Term
social-ecological approach
Definition
individual -> family -> community/neighborhood -> state/region -> society/policy -> national/international
Term
Freudenberg - toward improving health promotion
Definition
-access to primary health care
-increase knowledge
-reduce risky behavior
-increase social support
-reduce stigma
-advovate health policies
-improve physical env
-meet basic needs
-create supportive env
-reduce income inequality
Term
demography (greek) =
Definition
demos = people
graphein - to write
"study of growth, density, and vital statistics of human populations"
Term
US census bureau
Definition
-data about nation's pop and economy
-began 1790, 4,000,000
-1850: more individuals counted as part of pop, 23,191,876
-1900: 45 stars, 76,000,000
-1920: 48 stars, 106,000,000
-1950: 48 stars, 152,000,000
-2010: 309,162,581
Term
which race expected to decrease over time?
Definition
white
Term
Current consensus collects?
Definition
-religion
-birth rate
-life expectancy
-immigration/migration
-infant mortality
-unemployment
Term
dietary factors are association with ___ of the leading 10 causes of death
Definition
5
Term
Healthy ppl overarching goals
Definition
1) increase quality and years of healthy life
2) eliminate health disparities
Term
HP 2010
Definition
-28 focus areas
-467 specific objectives
-10 leading health indicators
Term
10 major public health issues
Definition
1) PA
2) overwt obesity
3) tobacco
4) substance abuse
5) responsible sexual behavior
6) mental health
7) injury and violence
8) env quality
9) immunization
10) access to health care
Term
hippocrates
Definition
explained epidemiology
Term
epidemiology from classic greek
Definition
-epi: among, upon
-demos: ppl
-logos: study of
"the study of what is among the ppl"
Term
epidemiology today
Definition
study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states (disease) and their frequencies in human populations
Term
father of modern epidemiology
Definition
John snow - traced cholera deaths to the Broad Street pump in London in 1854
Term
basics of epidemiology
Definition
-population
-distribution
-determinants
Term
epidemiologic method
Definition
1) select sample
2) observe
3) count cases
4) related cases to pop at risk
5) make comparisons
6) develop hypothesis
7) test hypothesis
8) draw scientific inferences
9) conduct experimental trials
10) intervene and evaluate
Term
Bradford Hill's criteria for causation
Definition
1) temporal relationship
2) strength
3) dose-response relationship
4) consistency
5) plausibility
6) consideration of alternate explanations
7) experiment
8) specificity
9) coherence
Term
quantitative vs nominal
Definition
quantitative
-continuous
-disrete (integers)
-ordinal (generalized)
-categorical (groups)

nominal - quality
-categorical
Term
nutr epi studies desinged to...
Definition
-generate hypothesis
-describe risk factors and health outcomes
-study causal linkages between risk factors and diseases
Term
ecological or correlational
Definition
-disease at pop level
-aggregate
-good to generate hypotheses
-quick and cheap
Term
Odds ratio
Definition
= (pop exposed w/ outcome x pop exposed no outcome) / (pop unexposed w/ outcome x pop unexposed without outcome)
Term
Odds ration ex. calculation
Definition
pop exposed with = 3
pop exposed w/out = 7
pop not exposed with = 1
pop not exposed w/out = 9

odds ration = (3x9)/(1x7) = 3.86 -> pop with 4 times as likely to get cancer as ppl in unexposed
Term
Framingham study
Definition
Term
Health Professionals Follow-up study
Definition
Term
Nurse's health study
Definition
Term
1982 Pelotas birth cohort
Definition
->99% of births in city that yr
-> 10 folow-ups to date
- still going strong
Term
standardizing
Definition
-numerator: number of abc during a time period
-denominator: pop at risk, defined
-multiplier at end (usually 1,000)
Term
incidence
Definition
-measure a group free of disease
-incidence rate calcuatled by when proportion of pop has the disease
-counts NEW events
Term
prevalence
Definition
-TOTAL number of cases at a given time (both new and old
Term
national nutr monitoring
Definition
-1909: USDA Food Supply Series
-1930's: USDA Household Food Consumption survey
-1960's: "War on Poverty" to deal with chronic hunger and malnutr
-1970's: NHANES starts
Term
National Health Interview Survey
Definition
-since 1957
-principal source of civilian pop
-tarcks national goals and identifies new areas of need
-data collected from representative sample of US
-via personal in-person interviews
Term
Behavioral risk factor surveillance system
Definition
-CDC
-personal risk behavior stats
-knowledge, attitudes, behavior, diet and health
-state level collection
-YRBSS - in school youth, one 45 min class period
Term
Nati'l college health risk behavior survey (NCHRBS)
Definition
-nationwide: 20.5% overwt
->40% females on a diet
-63% exercise
-7% take pills
-4% laxatives, bulimia episodes
Term
US health care spending
Definition
-US not an outlier with respect to how fast health care costs are rising
-costs rising steadily over time
-US spends more than 1/2 of health care dollars on hospital and physician services
Term
How health care in US is financed
Definition
-workers contribute about 27% of total
-private insurance: 68.8% of americans
-public: 13.7% medicare, 12.4% medicaid, 3.5% military
-uninsured: 15.6%
Term
most likely to be uninsured
Definition
18-24 -> 25-34 -> 35-54 -> 55-64 -> under 18
Term
Private insurance
Definition
-traditional fee-for-service plans
-group contract insurance
HMOs or PPOs
Term
HMO
Definition
=health maintenance organization
-permiums rising but profits not
Term
capitation (health insurance)
Definition
predetermined fee paid per enrollee per month to participating health care provider
Term
medicaid
Definition
-joint state and federal
-low income, 65+, blind, ppl wiht disibilities
-hospital services, drs, some tests, some skilling nursing homes, home health, family planning, children checkups diagnosis treatment
Term
where does prevention money savings come from
Definition
-reduced hospital admissions and reduced complications requiring a dr visit
Term
HOD affordable care act goals
Definition
-coverage for uninsured
-improve affordability and stability of insurance
-slow growth and health care costs
Term
HOD -ACA opportunities and challenges
Definition
Opportunities
-increased utilization of preventive care
-reimbursement to RDs
-wellness incentives
-granst
-labeling

Challenges
-not specifically include RD
-no appropriations
-competitors
Term
Infant mortality, global
Definition
drastic decrease between $0 GDP to $5,000 GDP, then levels out a bit
Term
Relative risk of premature death, USA
Definition
steady decrease as family income increases
Term
Cancer disparities
Definition
prevalence: black > white > hispanic > asian
incidence highest in whites, deaht rates highest in blacks
Term
Policy to change health care disparities
Definition
1) policies that affect ladder (education for all, min wage increases, income distribution)
2)policies that blunt adverse consequences of being at the lower end of the ladder (housing, food availability, affordable housing, traffic safety)
Term
Neighborhood domains
Definition
-biological/chemical
-built
-social
Term
psychological factors of obesity
Definition
stress, racism, anger, etc
Term
Proximate causes of globesity
Definition
1) energy balance equation
2) genetic factors
3) dietary composition
4) PA level
5) feeding behavior
6) endocrine factors
7) inflammation
8) psychological factors
9) social and env factors
Term
ontogeny
Definition
=process of an individual organism growing organically
- develop course of humans distinct
- fat deposition in various stages of life matters
Term
Programming and tracking (globesity)
Definition
-Programming - long term phenotypic effect of env factors acting during critical windows of develop (studies - pregnancy under nutr)
-tracking - stability of expressed phenotype
Term
Economic costs of obesity
Definition
$75 billion in 1998
Term
who is most overwt and obese?
Definition
lowest income and least educated
Term
Ag policies
Definition
-> increased productivity and efficiency -> increased food supply, decreased cost, and increased dependability
Term
how many crops get subsidies?
Definition
-8
-corn, soybeans, wheat, cotton, rice...
Term
food security at 3 levels
Definition
-household (access by all family at all times to enough food)
-community (prevention oriented to support develop of sustainable, community-based methods to improve access of poor to healthy foods)
-world: universal rt to food
Term
how many ppl are hungry
Definition
-49.1 million, including 16.7 m children
-nearly 25% lived in 'very low' food security
-situation got worse from 2007 to 2008
Term
which types of households are most impacted by food insecurity?
Definition
- poverty: below FPG 42.4%
- single mom: 37% (number 1 predictor of FI)
- hispanic: 27%
- black: 26%
Term
origins of USDA/FNS
Definition
-1930s: fed started buying and distributing excess food commodities
-food stamp program (experimental)
-1946 National School Lunch Act (in WWII 70% of boys who grew up with poor nutr were rejected from the draft)
Term
SNAP
Definition
-food stamps
-state determines details regarding distribution off food benefits and eligibility
-FNS provides funding
Term
Child nutr reauthorization act
Definition
-improve nutr service programs, promote healthy choices, ensure free/reduced price lunch benefits for those who qualify
Term
National School lunch act
Definition
-generally implemented by state educational agency
-individual schools prepare, serve meals
-school districts receive a reimbursement for meals that meet USDA menu standards
-originated in 1946
-price established per lunch
Term
national school lunch program participants
Definition
- 18 m children
-99% public schools participate
-not all children who are eligible participate
Term
school breakfast program
Definition
-1966 pilot program
-subsidizes with cash reimbursements and commodities
-not all students participated who qualified
Term
Food donation programs
Definition
-USDA surplus commodities
-emergency food assistance program
-disaster feeding
-food distribution program on Indian reservations
Term
Welfare reform: welfare to work
Definition
-personal responsibility and work opportunity reconciliation act of 1996
-work based system with a 5 yr limit on benefits (must work after 2 y program)
-includes temporary assistance, for needy families (TANF) program
Term
Historical review of federal nutr guidelines
Definition
-1st guideline 1902
-1st 'buying' guide 1916 (5 food groups)
-1930s: 'buying' guide and costing, 12 food groups
-1940s: 7 groups
-1956 to 1970s: basic 4 groups
-1979: 5 groups
-1984 to 2005: 6 groups (pyramid)
-2005 to 2010: MyPyramid concept
Term
until 1960s-1970s govt focus was on...
Definition
getting enough calories; research in 1970s implicated chronic diseases with over-consumption of energy and fats
Term
RDAs
Definition
-published 1943
-revised 10 times until 1989
-became DRIs in late '90s
-for guidelines designed to target the individual
Term
potentially negative factors of RDAs
Definition
-sig and numerous changes over time in recommendations
-food, public, and env policies do not support a healthy eating env
-food industry always at table
Term
most visible and accessible format for nutr education for the public?
Definition
nutrient info on food labels
-FDA, USDA, FTC all involved in regulations
-Nutr labeling and education act ('90, '93)
Term
requirements for health claims on food labels
Definition
-comparison of nutr labels claims and messages for food products and dietary supplements
-health claim on a label: explicit and implied, supported by valid and substantial scientific evidence, identified by FDA
Term
transgenic organism
Definition
one whose genome has been modified by technology
Term
rDNA
Definition
DNA produced using genetic engr: used to create transgenics
Term
Polis =
Definition
city-state, unit of gov and social organization
Term
Metropolis
Definition
city center
Term
politics
Definition
method of decision making among groups, process by which rules and group behavior are established
Term
policy
Definition
a principle or rule (force of law) to guide decision making processes for purpose of guiding or controlling institutional/community/group behavior
Term
elitist view
Definition
generally supported by empirical evidence suggesting close links between members of government and certain classes in society
Term
bounded pluralism
Definition
most domestic, routine policies on health, education, transport involve participation by members of pluralist society; large economic and political questions by elitists
Term
4 stages of policy making
Definition
1) problem identification, issue recognition
2) policy formulation
3) policy implementation
4) policy evaluation
Term
types of food and nutr policy
Definition
-policy statement: dietary guidelines
-comprehensive action plans: HP 2010
-law: NLEA, FALCPA
-local policies: school food programs
-federal regulation: FDA governs nutrient fortification
Term
HP 2010 origins
Definition
in the 80s, in 1979 Surgeon general's report - to improve health by 1990 (15 areas, 226 specific objectives), led to HP 2000
Term
Policy process: case study
Definition
-2002: Surgeon General recommends nutrient info be available
-2004: FDA report 'Calories Count' - included pt of sale info on kcals
-2006: MEAL Act (extends NLEA of 1990) to chain restaurants
-2009: Eventual adoption
Term
culture def
Definition
unique values, customs, language, history shared by a group; usually dynamic over space/time
Term
cultural competence def
Definition
the ability to increase one's understanding and appreciation of cultural diff and commonalities by developing oneself
Term
cultural sensitivity
Definition
recognition that cultural differences and similarities exist
Term
acculturation def
Definition
exposure to influences from different culture/s, sometimes leading to changing norms
Term
ethnicity def
Definition
commonality (real or assumed) of heritage based on nationality, lanquage, physical appearance, shared territory, kinship, hx
Term
race def
Definition
categorization on basis of heritable characteristics; a genetically linked pop
Term
ethnocentric def
Definition
perception that one's own values, beliefs, and practices are superior to those of another culture
Term
Causes of health disparities
Definition
- SES
- Lack of insurance
- culture
- access to, and utilization of, quality health care services
- discrimination/racism/stereotyping
- environment
Term
how many main languages spoken in US?
Definition
21 (English, Spanish, Chienes, French, German....)
Term
which period had most immigration into US
Definition
1991-1999 (excluding 1901-1910), most from Central and South American, then Asia, then EU, then Africa
Term
multiculturalism def
Definition
acceptance or promotion of multiple ethnic cultures, for practical reasons and b/c for the sake of diversity, applied to the demographic make-up of a specific place (Canada is most multi-cultural country)
Term
cultural competence continuum
Definition
destructiveness -> incapacity -> blindness -> pre-competence -> competence -> proficiency
Term
L.E.A.R.N.
Definition
-Listen with sympathy, understanding
-explain your perceptions
-acknowledge, discuss diff, similarities
-recommendations, relevant, concise, practical
-negotiate agreement
Term
Title VI of civil rights act of 1964
Definition
no person, on grounds of race, color, national origin, shall be excluded or discriminated against in context of program/activity from federal financial assistance
Term
proximal factors (determinants)
Definition
lifestyle, genetics (closer to the individual, some modifiable)
Term
distal factors (determinants)
Definition
neighborhood,policy (farther from the individual, some modifiable)
Term
Innocenti Declaration: on the protection, promotion and support of BF
Definition
-lowers infant mortality, good for mom, baby, economical, decrease cancer risk for mom
Term
WHO/UNICEF international cod of breastmilk substitutes
Definition
-bans all forms of promotion of bottle feeding
-establishes requirements for labeling
-applies to formula, baby juices and foods, and paraphenelia
-companies may not promote in hospitals, shops or to the public
-may not proved free or subsidized samples
Term
ADA MNT for HIV/AIDS
Definition
-optimize nutr status, immunity, well being
-prevent def
-prevent wt loss, esp lean mass
-reduce risk for comorbities
-maximize effectivness of drugs
-minimize health care costs
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