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| By the second century BC, the ____________ had become the real governing body of the Roman state |
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| Who urged the council of plebs to pass laws to help small land owners? |
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| Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus |
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| Tiberius Gracchus is murdered by senators |
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| Marius recruited soldier volunteers from the urban and rural poor who owned no land, promising land in return for service |
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| Lucius Cornelius Sulla won civil war and seized Rome, conducting a reign of terror |
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| Civil war in Rome, competition for power |
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| The First Triumvirate consisted of... |
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Definition
| Crassus, Pompey, Julius Caesar |
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| granted special military command in Gaul(Modern France) |
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| government by three people with equal power |
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| Crassus is killed in battle |
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| river that formed the southern boundary of Julius Caesar's province |
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| Julius Caesar is officially made dictator |
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| The Second Triumvirate consisted of... |
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| Octavian, Antony, Lepidus |
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| Octavian would take control of _____ Rome, and Antony would take control of _____. |
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Definition
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| Antony allied himself with... |
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| Egyptian Queen Cleopatra VII |
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| the Battle of Actium in Greece, where Octavian smashed Antony and Cleopatra |
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| Octavian restored the Republic |
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Term
| Octavian was awarded the title ________ |
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Definition
| Augustus, "the revered one" |
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| Augustus maintained a standing army of ____ legions, or __________ men |
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| The first four emperors after Augustus: |
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| Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero |
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Definition
| Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius |
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Term
| Trajan extended Roman rule into: (3) |
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Definition
| Dacia (modern Romania), Mesopotamia, Sinai Peninsula |
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Term
| Hadrian strengthened the fortifications along a line connecting the _________ and __________ Rivers |
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Definition
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| defensive wall about 74 miles long across northern Britain to keep out Picts and Scots |
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| Caracalla gave Roman citizenship to every free person in the empire |
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| Cities were important in the spread of: (3) |
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Definition
| Roman culture, Roman law, Latin language |
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Term
| Latin was the language of the ________ part of the empire, Greek was used in the _________ |
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Definition
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| when Roman culture spread to all parts of the empire and freely mixed with Greek culture |
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Puteoli on the Bay of Naples
Ostia on the mouth of the Tiber |
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| Despite trade and commerce, ______ remained the chief occupation |
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Definition
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| large landed estates that dominated farming in southern and central Italy |
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