Term
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Definition
1-USA
2-Turkey
3-Iran
4-China
5-Austrail
6-South Africa
7-Chile
8-Afghanistan
9-Uzbekistan
10-Argentina
USA and Turkey produce more than 2/3 of the world supply |
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Term
| State that produce raisins in the U.S. |
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Definition
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Term
| Tray placement in the rows |
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Definition
Place trays as far North on the rows that have a 5% slope
2 inches per 3 feet of vine |
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Term
| Early Botrytis detection of raisins (field test) |
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Definition
| If the berries have a purplish markings on them then take grape the berry between thumb and forefinger. Squeeze berry from the sides. If the skin starts to crack then the berry in infected. |
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Term
| What are factors contributing to mold and other defects |
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Definition
| If a foot print or knee pocket occurs in the terrace water can accumulate in them and mold can occur. If the packing box is square more mold injury can happen then if a round container can happen. If the cluster is "milked" mold can occur. Do not throw the clusters on the raisin tray. More mold can happen and yield will be less. Leafs and other litter needs to be removed or uneven drying will happen. Place cluster evenly on the tray and not have piles of grapes or mold can occur in the middle of the grape clusters/piles. A thin layer of 1-2 berries thick is ideal for optimal raisin drying. |
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Term
| Difference between raisins and grape puffs |
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Definition
Raisins-the normal drying for a raisin starts from the berry surface and then works its way inside. From the outside in.
Grape Puff-the drying process starts from the berry center and works its way outside. From the inside to the outside. Grape puff uses microwave power plus energy |
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Term
| Climate data for Fresno, CA |
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Definition
Usually you can expect excellent drying conditions until the middle of September. As the season advances, the days are shorter, the temperatures lower, and the probability of damaging rains is greater.
Drying times in days for grapes picked on 8/15=14, 9/1=21, 9/15=28, 10/1 and 10/15=artificial drying generally needed |
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Term
| What is the concept of sweeter raisins |
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Definition
| In taste tests the sweeter the raisin the better it tests ans the more it will sell. At 18 Brix the quality score was 46, 23.3=66, 25.1=71, 26.8=88, 28.2=96 |
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Term
| Total USA raisin production |
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Definition
| 3 million tons of grapes are used to produce 400,000 tons of raisins annually |
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Term
| California counties that produce raisins |
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Definition
Fresno=71%
Madera=17%
Tulare
Kern
Kings
Merced
Small % from the Coachella Valley |
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Term
| Southern San Joaquin Valley |
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Definition
85% of the table grape production in California
Large raisin producing area and some wine also
Wide variety of soil types but predominantly light to medium textures soils with low organic matter |
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Term
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Definition
Central San Joaquin Valley is ideal for raisins
Hot, dry summer that allows for perfect drying weather
Contains well drained, sandy loam soils
Later season varieties subject to rain during drying
Crop insurance covers product if harvested no later than September 20 |
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Term
| How many growers(around Fresno), processing plants, and dehydrator are in California. Also what is the worlds largest raisin packer and what % of raisins are sun dried naturally. |
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Definition
5,000 growers concentrated in a 75 mile radius around Fresno
25 raisin process plants
18 dehydrators
Sun-Maid Growers of California is the worlds largest raisin packer processing 35% of Ca crop
90% of raisins naturally sun dried with the rest being mechanically dried by gas dehydrators |
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Term
| How much fresh grapes does it take to make a ton of raisins? |
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Definition
| 4 tons of fresh grapes to make 1 ton of raisins |
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Term
| Where is the raisin capital of the world |
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Definition
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Term
| Criteria for raisin varieties |
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Definition
Seedlessness
Early ripening
Grape maturity
Economic yield
Compatible with mech. harvesting
Uniform size
Texture
Flavor |
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Term
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Definition
It is driven by consumer demand
Breeders use the embryo rescue technique
Seed traces are sometimes present-vary in size
Seed traces harden during drying |
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Term
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Definition
Prefer ripening before TS
Have to reach at least 22 Brix
90% of Ca grapes naturally sun dried
have to get raisins dried before the first rains
SJV perfect drying weather-mid August to mid September
But rains incidence increase from late August |
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Term
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Definition
Influence yield of raisins per fresh ton
1 ton of TS harvested at 18 B=196.40kg raisins
1 ton of TS harvested at 22 B=237.68kg raisins
Influence the quality of raisins |
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Term
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Definition
TS natural sun dried=2.3 tons per acre
Need sufficient yield at 22 Brix
Some varieties will shatter or raisin before optimal sugar is obtained
2010-2011 prices=$1323 to $1500 per ton |
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Term
| Compatibility with mechanical harvesting |
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Definition
CA-decrease in farm labor
Increase in labor costs
Fresh grapes and raisins should be able to adapt to mechanical harvesting
Cane severing technique and mechanical harvester-fresh or partially dried grape are removed from the vines and conveyed onto continuous trays for field drying
Cane severing also for DOV |
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Term
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Definition
Size of the fresh grape determines the dimensional size of the raisin
The higher the sugar content the plumper the raisin-thus influencing size in terms of weight
All processed raisins should be USDA inspected for size
The more uniform the size the less size separation during processing
Specific sizes required by the cereal companies, bakers, etc.
Size is not a factor for raisin syrup or paste |
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Term
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Definition
Influenced by variety, maturity, and drying method
Muscat of Alexandria-tough texture
TS-medium texture
Black Corinth-tender texture
Raisin skin must have fine wrinkles
Deep wrinkles result in a coarse texture |
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Term
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Definition
Influenced by variety and drying method
Muscat flavor vs neutral
Golden raisins have strong sulfur taste |
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Term
Thompson Seedless
Origin
Seed status
Color of fresh grape
DOV or DOG (Both)
Trellis system preferred and tonnage
Multiple uses |
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Definition
Origin-Turkey
Seed status-Seedless
Color of fresh grape-White
DOV or DOG (Both)-Both
Trellis system preferred and tonnage-traditional=2 tons/A
Multiple uses-Golden, Dipped, and Oleate Seedless |
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Term
Fiesta
Origin
Seed status
Color of fresh grape
DOV or DOG (Both)
Trellis system preferred and tonnage
Multiple uses |
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Definition
Origin-USDA
Seed status-Seedless
Color of fresh grape-White
DOV or DOG (Both)-DOV
Trellis system preferred and tonnage:
Traditional=3 tons/A
Open Gable=4.5 tons/A
Overhead=6 tons/A
Multiple uses-None |
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Term
Black Corinth or Zante Currents
Origin
Seed status
Color of fresh grape
DOV or DOG (Both)
Trellis system preferred and tonnage
Multiple uses |
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Definition
Origin-Greece
Seed status-Seedless
Color of fresh grape-Reddish black
DOV or DOG (Both)-Both
Trellis system preferred and tonnage-Traditions=2.25 tons/A
Multiple uses-None |
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Term
DOVine
Origin
Seed status
Color of fresh grape
DOV or DOG (Both)
Trellis system preferred and tonnage
Multiple uses |
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Definition
Origin-USDA
Seed status-Seedless
Color of fresh grape-White
DOV or DOG (Both)-DOV
Trellis system preferred and tonnage:
Traditions=2 tons/A
Open Gable=3 tons/A
Overhead=4 tons/A
Multiple uses-None |
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Term
Selma Pete
Origin
Seed status
Color of fresh grape
DOV or DOG (Both)
Trellis system preferred and tonnage
Multiple uses |
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Definition
Origin-USDA
Seed status-Seedless
Color of fresh grape-White
DOV or DOG (Both)-Both
Trellis system preferred and tonnage:
Tradition=2.5 tons/A
Open Gable=3.75 tons/A
Overhead=5 tons/A
Multiple uses-None |
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Term
Muscat of Alexandria
Origin
Seed status
Color of fresh grape
DOV or DOG (Both)
Trellis system preferred and tonnage
Multiple uses |
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Definition
Origin-North Africa
Seed status-Seeded
Color of fresh grape-White
DOV or DOG (Both)-DOG
Trellis system preferred-Traditional
Has multiple uses
Currently only 1% used for raisins |
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Term
Black Monukka
Origin
Seed status
Color of fresh grape
DOV or DOG (Both)
Trellis system preferred |
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Definition
Origin-Possibly India
Seed status-Redimentary seed trace
Color of fresh grape-Uneven red/black color
DOV or DOG (Both)-DOG
Trellis system preferred-Traditional
Harvested later than TS |
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Term
Summer Muscat
Origin
Seed status
Color of fresh grape
DOV or DOG (Both)
Trellis system preferred |
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Definition
Origin-USDA
Seed status-Seedless
Color of fresh grape-White
DOV or DOG (Both)-Both
Trellis system preferred-Traditional |
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Term
Diamond Muscat
Origin
Seed status
Color of fresh grape
DOV or DOG (Both)
Trellis system preferred |
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Definition
Origin-USDA
Seed status-Seedless
Color of fresh grape-White
DOV or DOG (Both)-DOV
Trellis system preferred-T-trellis recommended |
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Term
| Ripening weeks for:DOVine, TS, Black Corinth, Fiesta, and Selma Pete |
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Definition
Weeks in August
1st=Selma Pete
2nd=DOVine and Black Corinth
3rd=Fiesta
4th=TS
Black Monukka ripens later than TS
Summer and Diamond Muscat ripen same time as Fiesta |
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Term
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Definition
Trellis with cross arms wider than 0.6 m or heights greater than 1.2 m can impose on shading of the between-row drying area
The most popular system is a 0.6 m cross arm with a dual fruit cane wires on a 1.6 m stakes 1.3-1.4 m above the vineyard floor
Provides control of vine vigor and produces moderate to higher yields |
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Term
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Definition
Most raisin varieties are cane pruned
Optimum productivity and fruit quality-cane selection is very important
Canes outside the canopy=Sun canes
Sun canes have 11% higher bud burst, more clusters per node, and have 4x more nodes producing shoots with double cluster
Optimal photosynthesis and metabolism=grape leaves have to be exposed to a certain amount and quality of sunlight
To provide a surplus of carbs. the leaf must be exposed to > 30 to 50 mol m2s1 PPFD
PPFD=photosynthetic photon flux density
15 days of shading=higher % of bud necrosis
Look for sun canes when pruning to have next years crop on it |
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Term
| DOG vegetation management and benefits of a cover crop |
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Definition
Middle of row=disking and herbicide
More sustainable=temporary cover crops
Benefits of a cover crop:
Excluding weeds from row
Reduce soil erosion
Addition of N to soil
Addition of O.M.
Improve soil structure
Improve H2O infiltration
Enhanced pest management-habitat for beneficial insects |
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Term
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Definition
Picked by hand labor
Laid on paper trays in the rows
Tray laid as far north as possible in the row
Prior to picking-rows disked, clots broken, smoothed or terracing
Terrace at 5% angle minimum-increase angle of incidence to sunlight and drain rainwater away
East to West row orientation provides more direct sunlight than North-South orientation |
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Term
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Definition
Terraces angled toward the south in East-West rows
Terraces angled toward the west in North-South rows |
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Term
DOG paper trays
Choices of tray depends on: |
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Definition
Crop size
Maturity date
Rainfall expectation
Grower's risk of adversity
Cost of material versus cost of crop insurance |
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Term
| DOG basic types of paper trays |
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Definition
Regular strength paper
Wet strength paper
Poly coated paper
Specialty coated paper |
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Term
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Definition
Pro: most inexpensive
Con: readily absorbs water and become weak
Recommended for growers who harvest early |
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Term
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Definition
Pro: paper stronger and more durable in wet conditions
Con: added ingredients makes it more expensive
Most growers use these for normal harvest dates |
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Term
| Poly coated and other specialty coated paper |
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Definition
Pro: provide the most resistance to water absorption and retains strength when wet
Con: most expensive of the materials
Poly coating only on one side of the paper
Growers without crop insurance will use these trays for maximum protection against rain |
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Term
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Definition
Harvest grapes at 20-23 Brix
19 B and lower will give medium quality raisins
Drying ratio will be more favorable with higher maturity
Harvesters are paid by the tray
Grapes are spread onto trays no more than one cluster thick
Care is taken not to damage grapes
Grapes are dried for 7-10 days before they are handled again |
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Term
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Definition
Can be both DOG and DOV
3-4 week period annually=45,000 to 50,000 seasonal workers needed
CA needs about 14.5 to 18 million labor hours for operation
Labor shortages-industry is moving towards mechanical processes |
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Term
| What are the 3 mechanical systems used |
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Definition
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Term
| DOV production background |
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Definition
Began in Australia in late 1950's
Research in CA on DOV was done with TS and Black Corinth
For Black Corinth the system was successful but limitations were seen with TS due to: later maturity, higher vigor, and larger berry size |
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Term
| Why are DOV overhead systems becoming more popular |
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Definition
Ideal for DOV production
Coping with the constant rain threat
Very successful with earlier seedless varieties
Ideal for mechanization |
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Term
| 2 types of overhead systems |
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Definition
Simpson Overhead DOV
Pitts Quad DOV |
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