Term
| Macromolecules are made up of liks called... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| are small molecules made up of 3 regions. Deoxyribose (sugar), Phosphate group, and Base |
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Term
| How many bases does a nucleotide have? |
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Definition
| it has 4 bases, Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and thymine |
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Term
| Which one of the bases are single ringed and which are double ringed? |
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Definition
| Single ringed = (pyrimidines), Thymine and Cytosine. Double ringed = (Purines) Adenine and Guanine. |
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Term
| How is the DNA chain connected? |
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Definition
| The phostphate of one nucleotide joins the sugar of another by convalent bonding |
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Term
| What is the Chain's backbone? |
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Definition
| It is the sugar and phosphate Covalent linkage, and the bases are sticking out. |
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Term
| What are the two ends of the Chain of DNA? |
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Definition
| The 5 and 3 prime end. The 5 prime end has 5 carbon of the sugar, the 3 prime and 3 carbon of the sugar |
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Term
| When you compare DNA chains, what makes each an individual chain? |
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Definition
| The base sequence makes each one unique |
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Term
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Definition
| The sequence in which the base paiir occur in DNA |
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Term
| What does a DNA molecule Consist of? |
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Definition
| Two chains = 2 backboanes to form a double spiral helix |
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Term
| What was the Chargaff's Rule? |
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Definition
| Came up with Base Complementarity, A froms 2 bonds with T, and G forms two bonds with C |
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Term
| Base complimentry has what type of bonds? |
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Definition
| hydrogen Bonds, weak and easily brokeen |
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Term
| How do you seperate a DNA molecule? what is the process called |
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Definition
| By high temperature, it breaks the Hydrogen Bonds between the bases., the process is called denaturing |
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Term
| What is the HyperChromic effect |
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Definition
| It is the effect that occurs when the abssorption of light increases due to the breaking of hydrogen bonds between the complimentry bases. Because bases by themselves can absorb more light. |
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Term
| What is Tm? what effects the Tm? |
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Definition
| It is the temperature at which the absrobance starts to increase, base start to seperate. Different organism have different Tm, but if you have more G-C base pairs, the higher the Tm is going to be, and the harder they are to break |
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Term
| What are the three different types of Replications that were found to be either true or false? |
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Definition
| Conservatice, Semi conservative, and Dispersed. |
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Term
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Definition
| DNa within Bacteria, it is looped and a double hermix |
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Term
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Definition
| Dna within animals, linear double helix that does not coil. Helpful because we can perform therapy and treatment. convered by protein and has ends |
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Term
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Definition
| the process in which two daughter cells are made that are identical to the parental cell |
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Term
| What was the Meselson-stahl experiment: |
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Definition
| this was an experiment to dteremine the correct way of replication. |
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Term
| what was the results from the first experiment? the conservative |
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Definition
| parental molecule was conserved, two different types of DNA. One parental and one New. Bands are light and heavy mark |
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Term
| What was the result form the first experiment? the Semi conserved |
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Definition
| Parental chains conserved, one tyoe of DNA,, One band from each in each molecuel, one band between the heavy and light mark |
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Term
| What was the result from the first experiment The dispersed |
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Definition
| The chains and molecules dispersed, result same as semi conservative. One type of DN, |
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Term
| how was experiment two conducted in regards to replication and Meselson-SStahl? |
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Definition
| The conservatice Replication was rules out so they further replicated the DNA from the semi conservatice ,and dispersed |
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Term
| Experiment 2. Semi conservative? |
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Definition
| There were two types pf DNA at the end. The parental type and the new type. |
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Term
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Definition
| one type of DNA, rules out semi conservatice wins |
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Term
| which type of replication was best by experimentaion by Messelon Sthail experiments? |
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Definition
| rules out semi conservatice wins, has teo types of DNA, one new and one parental |
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Term
| What was the hypothesis for the replication process? |
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Definition
| The DNA opens up and a y structure intermediates, and keeps intermediating at each step until a new chain has formed |
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Term
| If the paretn chain on the left is 5' to 3', what will be the new chain of the left? |
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Definition
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Term
| how was the y intermediate proven wrong? |
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Definition
| Because starting a new chain requires an enzyme and the only enzyme that was found in the cell was DNA polyperase and its properties restrict it to persform such tasks |
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Term
| What are certain properties of DNA Polymerase? |
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Definition
| it cannot initiate a chain: it can only add on to an existing one. it only adds to 3' end of a chain so it polymerizes from 3' to 5' |
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Term
| What was the Modified Version of the Y structure for the DNA replication? |
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Definition
| The discontinuous Synthesis |
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Term
| What is the Discontinious Synthesis? |
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Definition
| DNA replication in which, to accomodate for the 2nd property of DNA polymerase, the new strand start in opposite direction for 3 to 5. one strand is continous and one id discontinous. it starts then stops. |
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Term
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Definition
| the continous strand new chain on the right |
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Term
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Definition
| The discontinous strand of the new chain on the left |
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Term
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Definition
| Evidence for the Discontinous Synthesis. small fragments fround in the new chans on the daughters molecule, They were doscontinous pieces |
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Term
| how do you accmodate the 1st property of the DNA polymerase when it comes to Replication |
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Definition
| Because DNA polymerase can only add on to a strand and not intiate it, another enzyme has to start the replication. That enzyme is called RNA polymerase |
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Term
| Special properties of RNA polymerase |
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Definition
| able to take 2 nucleotide and string them together - able to initiate a short RNA chain and stops - and polymerizes from 5 to 3 |
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Term
| The DNA substitues RNA, HOW? |
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Definition
| -Exonuclease Enzyme activity - Dna polymerase - LIgase |
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Term
| Exonuclease Enzyme activity |
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Definition
| Enzyme that eats away ends of DNA, or RNA. Removes RNA and leaves a gap |
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Term
| DNA polymerase in DNA replication later on in the chapter: |
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Definition
| The enzyme comes in and builds on the 3 prime at each of the gaps left by the RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| This is an enzyme that comes in and bonds the DNA made earlier by the DNA polymerase with the DNA made after the removal of RNA |
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Term
| why does at the end of each replication does the DNA molecule get shorter and shorter? |
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Definition
| Because the RNA at the end ofthe two molecules get romeved, and DNA polymerase cannot add on the 5 prime end, so at each replication it gets shorter ans shorter |
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Term
| what other type of proteins are invloved in the replication of DNA |
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Definition
| DNa ahd more than 20 proteins working. Some include Helicases and Topoisomerases |
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Term
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Definition
| Breaks the helix, unwinds and opens up the DNA molecule by breakind the H bonds beetween the bases |
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Term
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Definition
| Releives the coil tension of the DNA molecules since opening up one piece increaes tension on the other parts of the molecule |
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Term
| How we end up with identical daughter molecules that are identical to each other and to the parent molecule: |
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Definition
| same base sequence, Complementarityo Template |
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Term
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Definition
| : parental (template) chain provides instructions for DNA Polymerase regarding which base to add on. By looking at the parent chain and seeing that it has Adenine for example, the polymerase knows to add Thymine in the new chain |
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Term
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Definition
| the framework that work according to and fill in. |
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Term
| who predicted that the DNA molecule is self replacing molecule, and that it provides the template for itself? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of Replication errors. this is the change in the base pair sequence which can sometimes cause caner |
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Term
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Definition
| an Exonuclease Enzyme that “proof reads” the newly synthesized DNA chain from 3’5’ and as it detects a mistake erases it and replaces it |
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Term
| What happens when Proof Reading fails? |
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Definition
| other repain systems, Mismatch repain system |
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Term
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Definition
| detects the weird Hydrogen bonding between the mismatched pairs during replication and replaces the incorrect base. |
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Term
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Definition
| a part of the DNA that codes for the making of Polypeptide |
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Term
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Definition
| eye color, phyical features. Require more than one gene |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Made of more than one Polypeptide |
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Term
| For every polypeptide there must be a correspondi |
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Definition
| For every gene there must be a corresponding |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| If the gene is expressed in a cell, the gene makes a polypeptide |
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Term
| Our body has the same exact dna but what does each body part does not have. in regards to DNA |
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Definition
| Each body part has different gene corresponding to that part. |
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Term
| How does gene expression occur? |
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Definition
| Translation and transcriptopm |
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Term
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Definition
| when change the language. (DNA to RNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| changing the median of language. |
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Term
| What does Transcription do in DNA molecule |
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Definition
| It starts iwth the DNA base sequence and makes an mRNAamine acid sequence copy of it |
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Term
| How many RNA molecules are made with Transcription |
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Definition
| From 2 chains of DNA, 1 Chain of RNA is mad |
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Term
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Definition
| RNa molecule that copies DNA molecule by using the 3' to 5' as a template to make copy of 5' to 3' chain of molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| Promoter (TATA box) - Start at -10 head - RNA polymerase - |
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Term
| What if there is error in transcriptopn? |
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Definition
| If trascription mechanism messes up and makes a copy of both DNA strands then the tow strands will bind to each other. leading to no translation and silencing of that gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| mathcing the DNA with one that is already known. DNA is 99.99 percnt of all people. Not used to convit unless you are unique |
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Term
| What molecules and organelles are involved in translation? |
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Definition
| Ribosomes, Amino acids, mRNA, tRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| single chained RNA molecule that can fold up making 3 loops |
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Term
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Definition
| is the sequence for a specific amino acid that is complimentary to the codon that is carried by the mRNA |
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Term
| What is needed in order to transalte MRNA |
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Definition
| a set of enzymes (named after there amino acids), a ser of tRNA's and a set of amino acids |
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Term
| Give me an example of some of the stuff needed for transaltion |
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Definition
| Alanyl synthetase recognizes the mRNA alanyl codon, picks tRNA alanyl, and binds it to alanyl amino acid. |
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Term
| If the synthetase enzyme makes a mistake, it is a mutation> |
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Definition
| no because this is on RNA, and RNA is not herditary |
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Term
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Definition
| lots of protein and rRNA, 2 subunits, that can seperate and attach during protein syntheses |
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Term
| What does the small unit above the mRNA do? |
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Definition
| It initiates the process and moves rather slowly |
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Term
| what does the big unit below the mRNA do? |
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Definition
| has two sites, A and P, where elongation occurs, moves faster then the small top unit |
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Term
| what are the three parts to translation? |
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Definition
| Initiation, Elongation, and termination |
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Term
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Definition
| Ribosome breaks into two subunits-small one binds to mRNA at the 1st amonio acid site - largre one binds to the small one - p site of the large unit the 1 amino acid attaches the 1 anti codon. Complete ribosome bonded to mRNA |
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Term
| Elongation in Translation |
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Definition
| tRNA for the 2nd and 3rd codons come to the A site - go to the p site - translocation - peptide bonds formed between the amino acids - tran leaves |
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Term
| Termination in translation |
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Definition
| when stop codon UAG,UAA,UGA reaches the ribosomes because there are no amino acid complimentary to these codons. the translation stops, and ribosome goes the the next mRNA |
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Term
| Proteins have amino acids that are made from the second codon why? |
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Definition
| because during initiaition in translation the first codon is F-met, and that is the starting codoon that clips off. in eukaryoitc and prokaryotics |
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Term
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Definition
| is a system in the animal (eukaryotics) in which the first AUG it sees in the ribosome is the starting codon. contain sequences for one gene only |
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Term
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Definition
| Containing sequences for more than one gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| same infor but tranlating the information. mRNA to amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| 64 total codons, always go in pairs of 3, universal, do not overlap |
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Term
| when are you considered a mutant |
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Definition
| changes in the base pairs either by deletion or substitution and must be hereditary either by germ line or mitosis |
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Term
| can mutations occur in the RNA |
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Definition
| no RNA is not passed from generation |
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Term
| what are the two types of mutations? |
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Definition
| changes in genotype and phenotype - changes in genotype but not phenotype |
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Term
| organism wild type vs organism mutant |
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Definition
| most common base sequence vs different base pair thus creating different amino acid thus a different proteins |
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Term
| which type of mutation can not be detectre unless if you DNA is tested |
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Definition
| mutation B, when chenge in genotype does not effect the change in phenotype |
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