broad generalizations from specific observations

"Harold is a grandfather. Harold is bald. Therefore, all grandfathers are bald."

using clues in your surroundings to guess what has happened

"All men are mortal. Harold is a man. Therefore, Harold is mortal."

A good example of a category ( a stereotype)

The information needed to solve the problem and the criteria for determining if the goal has been met are vague

Ex. A manager trying to raise morale in his employees since he may not know the extent of the problem or whether his efforts to solve the problem are successful

systematic problem-solving procedures that inevitably produce a solution (usually only solve simple problems

Ex. Counting the number of guests at a party and multiplying by 2 to determine how many hot dogs to buy

a cognitive shortcut used to assess whether an object or incident belong in a particular class

People categorize by matching an person/incident to a prototype, but disregard the probabilty of the occurance

a strategy that leads people to judge the frequency of a class of events or the likelihood of something happening on the basis of how easy it is to retrieve (how quickly it comes to mind) 

the notion that people are rational within constraints imposed by their environment, goals, and abilities

Ex. When choosing a restaurant, we do not go through every one in the phone book, but only the ones that come to mind and choose the one that seems the most satisfying at the moment.

• Most learning occurs outside awareness
• People learn behavoir without instruction

• "Aha!"
• People set aside a seemingly insoluble problem and the answer suddenly comes to them days or hours later
• Associational networks

smallest units of speech that distinguish one linguistic utterance from another 

Vowels and consonants and the different ways of pronouncing them

In language, the smallest units of meaning.

• Words, suffixes, and prefixes
• Phonemes combine to create them

group of words that act as a unit to convey meaning

Ex. When people speak they make many sounds

rules that govern the placement of specific words or phrases within a sentence

rules that govern the meanings rather than the order of morphemes, words, phrases, and sentence

Date has multiple meanings

the way people ordinarily speak, hear, read, and write in interconnected sentences

Every sentence reflects a larger discourse embedded

activities are rewarding in and of themselves

drawing, reading, creative things done for enjoyment

activities that have obvious external rewards

job

Motivation stems from a combination of drive & reinforcement. Deprivation of basic needs creates a tensin that produces a behavior

Biological needs àdrives àbehavior

            (on a diet) need food àhunger à wont eat

Overall level of activation

Thrill seekers have higher optimal arousal levels

There's an ideal arusal level where an individual's performance is best

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• Cognitive - thought process
• Physiological - internal physical reaction (heart rate increase)
• Behavioral - outward expression of emotion (crying)

All impact how we experience emotion and are interpreted by the individual

an event occurs in the environment and you experience physiological changes that produce the emotion

Event àphysiological change àemotion

            See bearàheart pounds, sweat, tense muscles àafraid

emotional experience depends on how we label the arousal 

Arousal >> Label >> Emotion

observations that are stored in a form that allows them to be retrieved and used at a later time

encoding, storage, and retrieval

knowledge that can be conciously retrieved and declared

Abraham Lincoln was the 16th president

memories of paticular events from personal experience (autobiographical)

general world knowledge (generic memory)

NaCl is salt 

memory that cannot be brought to mind conciously but can be expressed in behavior 

Tying a shoelace

the concious recollection of events and facts

utilizes the hippocampus

knowledge of procedures or skills from participating in activities that call for them

Swimming, driving, skating

repeating or studying information to retain it in memory

repeating a phone number until you dial it

complex understanding and information can easily be recalled later

essay tests

basic information that can be easily forgotten

multiple choice tests

stimuli or thoughts that can be used to stimulate retrieval

chewing gum while studying and chewing gum while taking a test

a memory aid in which images are remembered by fitting them into an orderly arrangement of locations

• Survey
• Question
• Read
• Recite
• Review

vivid memories surrounding learning something tragic or shocking

Where you were on 9/11