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Foundations for nutritional sc
Foundations for nutritional science- respiratory system-preparation for summer exams - nutrtion and dietetics stage 1 - Robert Gordon University.
72
Science
Undergraduate 1
04/29/2008

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Cards

Term
The provision of oxygen to body cells is essential for what?
Definition

The provision of oxygen to the body cells is essential for

  •  metabolic processes
  • the production of ATP
  • the elimination of CO2
Term
Cells in complex organisms like the human body are unable to directly exchange gases with the external environment. What two systems cooperate to do this job?
Definition
The respiratory system and the cardiovascular system are together responsible for the provision of oxygen to body  cells and the removal of CO2
Term
The respiratory system is split. Name the different sections in declining size/importance.
Definition

Respiratory system

Upper respiratory tract + lower respiratory tract

Conducting portion + respiratory portion 

Term
List the structures in the upper respiratory tract.
Definition
nose and pharynx
Term
List the structures in the lower respiratory tract.
Definition
Larynx, trachea, bronch and lungs
Term
List the structures in the conducting portion of the respiratory system.
Definition
a series of  cavities and tubes which provide a low resistance pathway for airflow into the lungs: nose, pharynx,larynx, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles.
Term
Name the structures in the respiratory portion of the respiratory system.
Definition
The respiratory system consists of the areas where gas exchange occurs: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli.
Term
Structure of the nose
Definition

The nose is composed of an external portion (cartilage and skin) and an internal portion (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue with goblet cells producing mucus)

The nose has 2 openings at the base known as external nares or nostrils. 

Term
3 Functions of the nose
Definition
  1. It warms, moistens and filters incoming air.
  2. Detects olfactory stimuli (smells)
  3. Modifies speech vibrations 
Term
Structure of the Pharynx (throat)
Definition

The common opening of the digestive and respiratory systems.

Approximately 13cm in length.

Made of skeletal muscle lined with mucous membrane.

It may be subdivided into the nasopharynx, the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx. 

Term
Functions of the pharynx (throat)
Definition

Functions as a passage for both food and air.

Is a resonating chamber for speech sound. 

Term
Function of the nasopharynx
Definition
  • The nasopharynx functions in respiration only.
  • Air is received by the nasopharynx from the nasal cavity laden with dust mucous.

Cilia in the epithelial cells move the mucous down to the inferior part of the pharynx to aid removal of theses dust mucous particles.

  • The nasopharynx also exchanges small amounts of air with auditory tubes to aid the equalising air pressure between the pharynx and the middle air. 
Term
Function and structure of the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx
Definition

They are both composed of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium as they are subject to abrasion by food particles.

The oropharynx contains the tonsils.

Both perform roles in digestion and respiration by acting as a passageway for air and food. 

Term
Structure of the larynx (voice box)
Definition

Composed of 9 pieces of cartilage as well as muscle and a mucous membrane.

 The epiglottis is situated at the top of the larynx

Term
Function of the larynx
Definition

Houses the epiglottis which keeps food out of the larynx.

Connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea.

Air way 

Term

Where can the epiglottis be found? 

Definition
At the top of the larynx (voice box)
Term
Function of the epiglottis
Definition

protects the larynx from food and liquids by forming a seal during the process of swallowing. 

Term
Structure of the trachea
Definition

The trachea is constructed of C-shaped rings of cartilage and smooth muscle.

It is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

It is approximately 12cm long. 

Term
The carina
Definition

the point at which the trachea divides into the left and right bronchi (primary bronchi)

The mucous membrane of the carina is one of the most sensitive areas of the entire larynx and trachea for triggering a cough reflex. 

Term
Function of the bronchi (airways)
Definition
The bronchi function to conduct air into the lungs.
Term
Structure of the bronchi
Definition

They are made of incomplete rings of cartilage, lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

As the bronchi divide the quantity of cartilage within the structure decreases and the quantity of smooth muscle increases.

In addition the bronchi become much smaller. 

Term
Division of the bronchial tree biggest to smallest.
Definition
Primary bronchi --> secondary bronchi --> tertiary bronchi --> bronchioles --> terminal bronchioles --> respiratory bronchioles.
Term
Position and function of the primary bronchi
Definition

Start of the bronchial tree.

From outside the lungs projecting into the lungs.

Above the secondary bronchi

Supplying the lungs with air. 

Term
Position and function of the secondary bronchioles.
Definition

In the lungs.

After the 1˚bronchi before the 3˚bronchi

Supplying each lobe of the lung with air. 

Term
Position and function of the tertiary bronchi.
Definition

In the lungs.

After the 2˚bronchi before the 4˚bronchi.

Supplying each bronchopulmonary segment with air. 

Term
Upper respiratory tract infections
Definition
Any respiratory tract infections above the vocal chords.
Term
Lower respiratory tract infections.
Definition
Any respiratory tract infections below the vocal chords.
Term
Diaphragm separates ...
Definition
The diaphragm anatomically separated the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
Term
The diaphragm is situated where?
Definition
The diaphragm is a dome-shaped skeletal muscle that lies across the floor of the thoracic cavity.
Term
The shape of the diaphragm?
Definition
Dome-shaped skeletal muscle.
Term
What is responsible for innervation of the diaphragm?
Definition
The phrenic nerve which emerges from the cervical spinal cord is responsible for the innervation of the diaphragm.
Term
Contraction causes the diaphragm to...
Definition
Contraction causes the diaphragm to flatten thereby increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity on a verticle plane.
Term
Shape of the lungs?
Definition
cone shaped
Term
What structure separated the lungs from each other?
Definition
The heart
Term
The number of lobes in the left lung?
Definition
The left lung has 2 lobes
Term
The number of lobes in the right lung?
Definition
3 lobes.
Term
Pleural membrane
Definition
The pleural membrane encloses and protects each lung. It is composed of the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura with the pleural cavity in between.
Term
Parietal pleura
Definition
the superficial layer of the pleural membrane which encloses and protects the lungs.
Term
The visceral pleura
Definition
The deep layer of the pleural membrane which encloses and protects the lungs.
Term
The pleural cavity -location and function.
Definition
Is situated in between the two layers of the pleural membrane. It contains a lubricating fluid which assists in breathing movements by aiding in adherence of the membranes to each other, but also reducing friction between them.
Term
Structure of alveoli
Definition
Tiny hollow, cup-shaped, sacs surrounded by blood capillaries.
Term
Function of the alveoli
Definition
The alveoli are the site of exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood.
Term
Alveoli are composed of 3 things. Name them.
Definition

Type 1 alveolar cells

Type 2 alveolar cells

Alveolar Macrophages 

Term
Location of Type 1 alveolar cells.
Definition

Located on the "air-facing' surface  and form a cell thick, flat epithelial laer which is the main site of gas exchange.

Term
Location and function of Type 2 alveolar cells
Definition

Tyoe 2 alveolar cells are interspersed between the type 1 alveolar cells.

They are thicker cells specialised to secrete alveolar fluid. 

Term
Function of alveolar macrophages
Definition
Remove debris or fine dust particles.
Term
What is the function of the capillaries surrounding alveoli?
Definition
The capillaries surrounding the alveoli allow for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and air by diffusion through the respiratory membrane.
Term
How many layers are in the respiratory membrane?
Definition
four layers
Term
Name the 4 layers in the respiratory membrane.
Definition

Alveolar wall

Epithelial basement membrane

Capillary basement membrane

Endothelial cells 

Term
The alveolar wall is made from...
Definition
type I, type II alveolar cells and alveolar macrophages.
Term
Pulmonary ventilation
Definition
Refers to the process by which the body mechanically enables the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the alveoli within the lungs; effectively the process of breathing.
Term
Boyles law states that...
Definition
Boyle's Law states that "the pressure of gas in inversely proportional to the volume of the container."
Term
Why does air-flow occur?
Definition
Air-flow occurs as a result of contraction and relaxation of a variety of muscles and the subsequent alternating pressure gradients which arise.
Term
During inspiration to the thoracic cavity increases or decreases?
Definition
During inspiration the thoracic cavity volume increases.
Term
What does an increase in volume of the thoracic cavity result in?
Definition
increase in volume leads to a reduction in lung pressure which allows air to be drawn in from the atmosphere.
Term
What does a decrease in volume in the thoracic cavity result in?
Definition
A decrease in volume in the thoracic cavity leads to lung pressure increase and subsequently, expiration occurs where gases are forced out into the atmosphere.
Term
Inspiration
Definition
Air moves into the lungs when the air pressure inside the lungs is less than the air pressure in the atmosphere.
Term
Expiration
Definition
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
Term
The thoracic cavity is surrounded by what structures?
Definition
The thoracic cavity is encircled by 12 pairs of ribs, chest muscles, the sternum and the thoracic portion of the vertebral column.
Term
Changes in thoracic cavity volume occurs due to...
Definition
Changes in thoracic cavity volume occurs due to the contraction and relaxation of specific muscles.
Term
Eupnea
Definition
normal, quiet breathing.
Term
Explain inspiration during eupnea.
Definition
During normal, quiet breathing, known as eupnea, inspiration occurs entirely due to the contraction of the diaphragm. In this case, the diaphragm descends about 1cm, creating a pressure difference of 1 - 3 mmHg and the inhalation of approximately 500 ml air. However, expiration is a passive process in eupnea, and so when the diaphragm relaxes, the elastic fibres of the thoracic wall recoil and expiration occurs.
Term
Is eupnea a passive or active process?
Definition
Passive process
Term
Describe the external intercostal muscles.
Definition

Set of 11 muscles that lie between the ribs on the front surface/superficial layer.

The fibres of the external intercostal muscles run obliquely, inferiorly and anteriorly from rib to rib below.

(downward and inward slant from the rib above to below) 

Term
Describe the internal intercostal muscles.
Definition

The internal intercostal muscles are a set of 11 muscles that lie in between the ribs. (on a different plane to the external intercostal muscles)

They are involved in the forceful breathing causing th contraction of the diaphragm. 

Term
Describe the process of forceful breathing
Definition
Expiration during forceful breathing is an active process. The abdominal muscels pull the abdominal wall inwards and upwards, the diaphragm is pushed back up into the thoraz, the external intercostal muscles relaz while the internal intercostal muscles contract. All of these changes result in a decreases in the thoracic cavity volume and expiration occurs.
Term
During normal, quiet inspiratio the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles...
Definition
contract
Term
During laboured inpsiration abdominal muscles...
Definition
contract
Term
During normal, quiet expiration the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles...
Definition
relax
Term
During forceful expiration, abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles...
Definition
contract
Term
List 3 factors that affect pulmonary ventilation.
Definition

air pressure differences.

surface tension of alveoli.

airway resistance. 

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