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Definition
| the study of the interrelationships of insects and trees; includes damaging and beneficial species; does not include those that do not affect forest health |
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| (German) 1752 article on the Gypsy Moth |
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Definition
| (German) father of forest entomology; published "Die Forstinsekten" (1837-1844)-defined forest entomology as the study of forest insects which have an influence on the thriving and the utility of those wood plants with which the forester is concerned |
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| (U.S.) first professional forest entomologist in the US, "the American Ratzeburg"; head of the Division of Forest Insect Investigation of the USDA; Bark Beetle specialist |
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| Development of Forest Entomology |
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| Taxonomic/Natural History Phase |
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Definition
| tried to indentify all they could and made associations between insects and trees and identified the damage that was caused |
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| theories of population changes; density dependent or independent |
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| Ecosystem Analysis Phase (1950-80) |
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Definition
| interrelationships of all environmental factors; ecological webs, food chains, weather, etc.; looks at the host, stand, temp, season, enemies of the insects; end of the use of DDT |
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| Predictive Modeling Phase |
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Definition
| models developed from the data collected in the divergent and ecosystem phases; tries to predict and shoe economic impacts |
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| mortality, reduce overall value (bark beetles) |
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| mortality, unsuccessful regen (Southern pine coneworm) |
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Definition
| reduces stand survival, unsuccessful planting (white grub larva) |
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Definition
| damage structure (termites, carpenter bees) |
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Definition
| S. pine beetle spreads blue stain and bark beetles spread dutch elm disease |
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Definition
| plant pollinators, natural enemies of pests |
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Definition
| butterflies and moths; defoliators, majority of damage is done by larvae (eastern tent caterpillar) |
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Definition
| beetles; damage caused by larva and adult; there are many beneficial Coleoptera |
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| Hymenoptera "membrane wing" |
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Definition
| bees, wasps, ants, and sawflies; damage caused by larvae and adults; only adult ants cause damage; many beneficials |
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| Homoptera-Hemiptera "half wing" |
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Definition
| aphids, agelids, leafhoppers, and true bugs; damage caused by nymphs |
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| Orthoptera "straight wing" |
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Definition
| grasshoppers, katydids, and walking sticks; defoliators |
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Definition
| flies and mosquitoes; damage done by all life cycles (cone gall midge) |
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Definition
| termites; damage done by adults |
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| three ways insects cause damage |
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Definition
| feeding, nesting, oviposition |
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| Ephemeroptera "short-lived wing" |
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Definition
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| Thysanoptera "fringe wings" |
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Definition
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Definition
| mouthparts outside of head; 2 body regions, no antennae, 4 pair of walking legs; arachnida |
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| support, muscle attatchment, body covering/protection, water conservation, growth restriction, good mechanical advantage |
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Definition
| (head, thorax, abdomen) group of segments that function together to do a task |
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Definition
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| locomotion, food processing |
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| eyes composed of many individual units called ommatidia |
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| (ocelli) one unit, often arranged in the shape of a triangle on adults |
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| carry blood, add strength, alter shape |
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Definition
| non-reproductive appendage that can be used for defense or balance |
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Definition
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Definition
| one way valves that allow blood to enter the heart, blood is then forced out via aorta |
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| functions of the circulatory system |
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Definition
| transport of food and hormones, protection via immune system antibodies and clotting agents, hydraulic inflation of wings, minor respiration, and thermoregulation |
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Definition
| located in exoskeleton; esophogus-conducts stores and guides food |
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Definition
| located is mesodermal; small intestine-major site of food absorption, enzyme production |
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Definition
| exoskeleton; large intestine-transports waste from body, reabsorbs water, and eliminates uric acid |
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Definition
| function as a food solvent, digestive enzymes, produce glue, silk, plant hormones |
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Term
| tracheal system (respiration) |
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Definition
| a system of air tubes that carry gasses to and from body tissues |
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Definition
| external openings of tubes that open and close |
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| transports air through body |
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Definition
| spiral bands of the exoskeleton in the walls of the trachea; adds strength and pumps creating diffusion |
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Definition
| the act of molting-losing the exoskeleton which contains the foregut, hindgut, and tracheal system |
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Term
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Definition
| egg to adult; more than 2/year is considered a pest |
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Term
| no metamorphosis (simple) |
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Definition
| each instar looks exactly like previous except larger, adults look like nymphs except larger and sexually mature (silverfish) |
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Term
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Definition
| eggs-nymph-naiads-adult (mayflies) |
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Definition
| eggs-nymphs- adult (hemiptera-true bugs) |
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Definition
| egg-larvae-pupa-adult (hymenoptera, diptera, coleoptera) |
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Term
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Definition
| pest status depends on population levels, economic factors, and stand objectives |
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Term
| equilibrium position (EP) |
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Definition
| avg pop level of an insect species |
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Term
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Definition
| the pop level at which management action should be taken to prevent the pest from reaching the economic injury level |
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| economic injury level (EIL) |
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Definition
| lowest # of insects that will cause economic damage |
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Definition
| derived from plants; quick knock down, short residual, expensive (nicotine) |
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| organochlorines (chlorinated hydrocarbons) |
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Definition
| generally have long residue, toxicity varies greatly (DDT) |
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Term
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Definition
| cholinesterase inhibitors (nerve impulses) generally very effective, varied toxicity, short residual (malathion) |
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Definition
| cholinesterase inhibitor, lower toxicity levels than OC, limited residual but larger than OC (Sevin dust) |
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Definition
| much more affective than natural P, used at low rates, relatively safe, resistance has become a serious problem (Ambush, Warrior T) |
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Term
| Integrated Pest Management |
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Definition
| the combination of all suitable techniques to reduce or manipulate a pest population so that they remain below economically important levels |
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