Term
| All evidence goes through 3 phases. (what are they) |
|
Definition
| Analysis, Acquisition, and Reporting |
|
|
Term
| What does analysis consist of? |
|
Definition
| physical properties, 5 senses, assessment |
|
|
Term
| What does acquisition consist of? |
|
Definition
| derive more info, enter findings into instruments |
|
|
Term
| What does reporting consist of? |
|
Definition
| start preparation of scientific report for court |
|
|
Term
| Bullets are always weighed in what units? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Firearm and Toolmark analysis is based on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ballistics is the study of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three different types of ballistics? |
|
Definition
- internal
- external
- terminal
|
|
|
Term
| What was the earliest form of a firearm? |
|
Definition
| Small cannon (Hand Cannon) |
|
|
Term
| What was the most likely use for a hand cannon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 early firearm ignition types? |
|
Definition
- Matchlock
- Wheel Lock
- Flintlock
|
|
|
Term
| What were 3 popular systems that were breakthroughs in the history of firearms? |
|
Definition
- Pin Fire
- Rim Fire
- Center Fire
|
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of characteristics associated with rifled barrels and ammo components? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most valuable asset to a firearm's structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the different ways that a rifled barrel can be constructed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most common barrel rifling types? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Class characteristics
(definition) |
|
Definition
| predetermined manufactured features |
|
|
Term
Individual characteristics
(definition) |
|
Definition
| imperfections or irregularities produced accidentally during manufacture or caused by use, abuse, corrosion, rust or damage |
|
|
Term
rifling
(definition and function) |
|
Definition
spiral grooves cut into the bore of a barrel
- stabilizes a bullet in flight
- improves trajectory
- caters to higher velocity
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- nominal diameter of the bore within a firearm in inches
- (base of the bullet) distance from land to land
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
working mechanism of a firearm.
- bolt
- auto
- lever
- etc.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An object propelled by force of rapid burning gases or other means |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a non-spherical projectile for use in a rifled barrel |
|
|
Term
Cartridge Case
(definition) |
|
Definition
| the container that holds all components which make up a live round of ammo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the chemical composition within a cartridge case that produces combustion and gases propelling the projectile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ignition component of a cartridge case |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| effect that creates a reaction due to pressure and force within a firearm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any weapon which will or is designed to or may readily be converted to expel a projectile by the action of an explosive |
|
|
Term
| What are the four types of firearms? |
|
Definition
- Pistol
- Revolver
- Shotgun
- Rifle
|
|
|
Term
| What is the earliest known pistol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who created the glossary of firearms terms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is groove diameter measured? |
|
Definition
| Distance from groove to groove |
|
|
Term
| What is the advantage of pistols? |
|
Definition
| They utilize their recoil to eject, load and cock the hammer |
|
|
Term
| What are the disadvantages of pistols? |
|
Definition
- More complicated design requires more practice.
- Barrel lengths are usually limited
|
|
|
Term
| What are the different types of pistol actions? |
|
Definition
Semi
Double Action Only
Safe/Single Action Semi-Auto |
|
|
Term
What is the feature of semiautomatic action?
(pistol) |
|
Definition
| Autoloading-fires, loads, extracts, ejects, repeats, (FLEER) |
|
|
Term
What is the feature of Double Action Only?
(pistol) |
|
Definition
| Single pull fires, loads, extracts, ejects, repeats. Heavy trigger pull |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of a pistol? |
|
Definition
- Slide
- Frame
- Trigger Guard
- Slide Release
- Trigger
- Grips
- Hammer
|
|
|
Term
| What are the advantages of a revolver? |
|
Definition
- Simple design, reliable and reasonable price
- tend to be more accurate
|
|
|
Term
| What are the disadvantages of a revolver? |
|
Definition
- Limited to six shots and slow to reload
- Trigger pull is greater
|
|
|
Term
| What are the two action types of a revolver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the features of single action?
(revolver) |
|
Definition
| action that requires the manual cocking of the external hammer before pressure releases the firing mechanism |
|
|
Term
What are the features of double action?
(revolver) |
|
Definition
| an action in which a single pull of the trigger cocks and releases the external hammer |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of a revolver? |
|
Definition
- Hammer
- Cylinder
- Barrel
- Ejector Rod
- Trigger Guard
- Trigger
- Grips
- Frame
- Cylinder Release
|
|
|
Term
| What is the advantage of a rifle and what are rifles used for? |
|
Definition
| Rifles much more powerful and accurate than other guns. They are used for hunting and military. |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common types of action for rifles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the features of bolt action?
(rifle) |
|
Definition
| action that requires manual loading, manual cycling and manual bolt engagement |
|
|
Term
What are the features of lever action?
(rifle) |
|
Definition
| action that requires the manual operation of an external lever below the receiver |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of a rifle? |
|
Definition
- Bolt
- Muzzle
- Barrel
- Safety
- Stock
- Bolt Handle
- Magazine Floor Plate
|
|
|
Term
| What is the advantage of a shotgun? |
|
Definition
| ability to utilize different forms of ammo (slug, pellets, buck shot) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common type of action for shotguns? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what is the feature of pump action
(shotgun) |
|
Definition
| action requiring the manual cycling of a slide located in front of the receiver to load, operate the firing mechanism, extract and eject the fired cartridge |
|
|
Term
| What are the first steps of evidence collection? |
|
Definition
- evidence collection?
- preservation
- documentation
|
|
|
Term
| When was the earliest known toolmark identification performed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Examination process typically begins when...
(firearms) |
|
Definition
a firearm is submitted w/ or w/o
- bullets
- spent cartridge cases
|
|
|
Term
| what are the conclusions that may be reached in the analysis of firearms? |
|
Definition
- Identification
- Elimination
- Inconclusive
|
|
|
Term
| Examination process continues when... |
|
Definition
the firearm is test fired to recover KNOWN:
- bullets
- Spent cartridge cases
|
|
|
Term
What are the levels of analysis?
(firearms and toolmarks) |
|
Definition
Level 1- Class Characteristics
Level 2- Individual Characteristics |
|
|
Term
Level 1 analysis
(definition) |
|
Definition
predetermined measurable feature(s)
- caliber
- # of lands and grooves
- direction of twist
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
smaller microscopic features are assessed.
"Sufficient agreement" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when it exceeds the best agreement demonstrated between toolmarks known to have been produced by different tools and is consistent |
|
|
Term
| Firearm Analysis as a science... |
|
Definition
| ability to determine if a specific ammo component was fired from, by, or in a particular firearm |
|
|
Term
Individual Characteristics
(toolmarks:definition) |
|
Definition
random imperfections created on tool surfaces during manufacturing
(use, abuse, corrosion, and damage) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anything used to gain mechanical advantage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
striated
Impressed (indentions) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
have series of ridges or linear marks
- Screw driver
- pliers
- knives
- extractor marks
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tools that are used forcefully against another surface and leave an impression
- hammers
- chisels
- bolt cutters
- breech bolt in firearm
|
|
|
Term
| In order to conduct a complete analysis, you must have a(n) ______ and a(n) _____ |
|
Definition
Known and Unknown
- Bullets
- Cartridge cases
- Guns
|
|
|
Term
| Key factors in the analysis of toolmarks: |
|
Definition
- Examining and Evaluating is of most importance
- submitted tool mark and no tool does not equal no examination
- training and experience are essential
|
|
|
Term
| What is the most useful tool within the examination of fired ammo components and tool marks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the comparison macroscope's advantages?
(lighting) |
|
Definition
Fiber optics-illuminates well and can be adjusted
Fluorescents-pure white light and is a consistent beam |
|
|
Term
What are the comparison macroscope's disadvantages?
(lighting) |
|
Definition
Fiber optics-heat sensitive, yellow light
Fluorescents-time consuming to adjust |
|
|
Term
| What does NIBIN stand for? |
|
Definition
| National Integrated Ballistics Information Network |
|
|
Term
| Who created NIBIN and when? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of NIBIN? |
|
Definition
| to allow federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies the ability to acquire digital images of fired ammo components and send them off for correlation |
|
|
Term
| What are the goals of NIBIN? |
|
Definition
- coordinate the entry of suitable ballistic info taken into custody by Federal, State, and local law enforcement to ID all possible links in violent shootings.
- solve, prevent, and reduce firearms-related violent crimes
|
|
|
Term
| What does IBIS stand for? |
|
Definition
| Integrated Ballistics Identification System |
|
|
Term
Where are the IBIS offices?
(Forensic Technology Inc.) |
|
Definition
Washington D.C.
Montreal
Quebec
Largo, Florida
Dublin, Ireland
Johannesburg, South Africa |
|
|
Term
| What can be entered into IBIS? |
|
Definition
bullets
fragments
shotshells
cartridge cases |
|
|
Term
How many IBIS sites are there in the US?
(approximate) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the different markings to look for on the breech face?
(cartridge case) |
|
Definition
Drag mark
Ejector mark
Firing pin impression
Extractor mark
Breech Face marks |
|
|
Term
| What are the two ways to make a conventional barrel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the added steps to make a polygonal barrel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the knife-like addition that was commonly attached to early firearms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main feature of the pinfire system? |
|
Definition
| The firing pin, which protrudes out of the bullet and cartridge |
|
|
Term
| What is the main feature of the rimfire system? |
|
Definition
| Primer is located on the rim of the cartrige. The hammer of the gun has a firing pin on the edge. |
|
|
Term
| What is the main feature of the centerfire system? |
|
Definition
| The firing pin is in the center, it strikes the center of the bullet. This is where the primer cup and the primer compound are located |
|
|
Term
| What does AFTE stand for? |
|
Definition
| Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners. |
|
|
Term
| What does FLEER stand for? |
|
Definition
| Fire, Load, Extract, Eject, Repeat |
|
|
Term
| How is bore diameter determined? |
|
Definition
| Distance from land to land. |
|
|
Term
| What is a feature of micro groove rifling? |
|
Definition
higher velocity
(Marlon weapons) |
|
|
Term
| What does LIMS stand for? |
|
Definition
Laboratory Inventory Management System
(continues chain of custody) |
|
|
Term
| True or False. Rifles and shotguns share action types. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the different types of breech face marks? |
|
Definition
Parallel
Arch
Crosshatch
Circular
Granular
Smooth |
|
|
Term
| Who created 'Drug Fire' and what was its purpose/function? |
|
Definition
| The FBI created it. Drug Fire stored photo images of breech face on cartridges, and headstamp regions. |
|
|
Term
What NIBIN region does OK belong to?
What state does it share its region with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the program that IBIS created to chronicle bullets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the program that IBIS created to chronicle cartridge cases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the updated version of Bullet Proof? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False. IBIS is a "lights out" matching system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False. Shooting reconstruction is an exact reenactment of the incident. |
|
Definition
| False, shooting reconstruction is no more than an explanation rather than fact. |
|
|
Term
Scientific Method
(PHDETC) |
|
Definition
| P-Problem. H-Hypothesis. D-Data. E-Experiment/Examination. T-Test. C-Conclusion. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of glass that are often encountered during shooting reconstructions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are tools used for measuring the angle of impact? (reconstruction) |
|
Definition
Protractor
Angle Finder
Smart Tool
Dowel Rod
Calipers |
|
|
Term
| What is a mathematical method of finding the angle of impact? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All metal_____before it____ and _____ before it _____ |
|
Definition
| All metal stretches before it bends, and bends before it breaks. |
|
|
Term
| What is the only tool used to measure the angle of impact from the horizontal and vertical view? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Recover
Review
Reconstruct |
|
|
Term
What is Recovered?
(reconstruction) |
|
Definition
| Recover any and all case documentation |
|
|
Term
What is Reviewed?
(reconstruction) |
|
Definition
| Review ALL documentation thoroughly & read between the lines. Pro opinions are not always consistent |
|
|
Term
| Reconstruct on what basis? |
|
Definition
| Reconstruct based on culmination of evidence, scene information, training and experience |
|
|
Term
| Why are lasers not used in all reconstruction situations? |
|
Definition
| Lasers can't account for ricochet in double walled objects. |
|
|
Term
| What are the steps of the Scientific Method? |
|
Definition
- State the Problem
- Gather Information
- Form A Hypothesis
- Perform An Experiment
- Analyze Data
- Draw Conclusions
|
|
|
Term
Frangible Surface
(definition) |
|
Definition
| surface subject to crumble or crack upon application of force (concrete) |
|
|
Term
| Bullets that strike at or near _____ degrees typically produce round holes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bullets that strike ____ than 90 degrees typically produce oval holes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Angle of Impact
(definition) |
|
Definition
| the angle of incidence of the impinging bullet/pellet to the surface. |
|
|
Term
What are the types of bars that examiners have to identify when performing serial number restoration?
(4) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the different types of items that are stamped with serial numbers? |
|
Definition
Firearms
Electronics
Automobiles
Machinery |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Federal and state laws make it a violation to alter or remove identifying data from some items |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Once metal has been stamped or impressed, the composition of it is changed temporarily. |
|
Definition
| False: the composition is changed FOREVER |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a unique number applied to an object by a manufacturer |
|
|
Term
| What can a serial # tell you? |
|
Definition
Date stamp of manufacturing
Location of manufacturing
Sequence of manufacturing
Who the manufacturer is |
|
|
Term
| True or False:Tools are the most common item encountered in crime labs with obliterated serial #s |
|
Definition
| False: FIREARMS are the most common |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 main purposes for serial #s? |
|
Definition
- Quality control (identies defects)
- Unique identity (item individuality)
- Deterrent against theft (assist with recovering items)
|
|
|
Term
| What are the different methods of applying serial #s? |
|
Definition
Dot Matrix
Laser Engraving
Stamping |
|
|
Term
| What are the features of dot matrix engraving? |
|
Definition
| the numbers are shallow and are made by a rapid progression of dots |
|
|
Term
| What are the features of laser engraved serial #s? |
|
Definition
- the numbers are shallow and often show a burned appearance on the metal
- Branding effect
|
|
|
Term
| What are the features of stamped serial #s? |
|
Definition
- created using a stamp
- creats a positive impression of the stamp on the object
|
|
|
Term
| What is the most common type of serial # engraving encountered in crime labs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is plastic deformation? |
|
Definition
| a process is which enough stress is placed on metal or plastic to cause the object to change its size or shape in a way that is not reversible |
|
|
Term
| What causes metal distortion? |
|
Definition
| the force or pressures applied to a surface of metal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stamping a serial # when the metal is below its recrystallization temp (molten stage) |
|
|
Term
| What happens to a metal's properties during "cold working"? |
|
Definition
- Becomes harder
- More likely to be deformed
- Less likely to yield under stress
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of making a surface or object undecipherable by wearing away |
|
|
Term
| What are some common types of obliteration? |
|
Definition
Grinding
Pinging
Over-stamping
Drilling
Welding |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common elements in steel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a common ingredient in metal etching reagents? |
|
Definition
| Copper Chloride (assists in the oxidation of iron) |
|
|
Term
| True or False: The most common method of serial # restoration is super glue fuming. |
|
Definition
False: CHEMICAL RESTORATION is the most common
|
|
|
Term
| What are other methods of serial # restoration? |
|
Definition
Non-destructive
Bar code decryption (manual)
Automatic decoding |
|
|
Term
| What are the different ways of visualizing restorations? |
|
Definition
- Specular-ability to view light reflecting off a smooth surface
- Diffuse-ability to view light reflecting off a rough surface
|
|
|
Term
| What are the steps when performing serial # restoration? |
|
Definition
- Polish the surface (specular)
- Apply acid
- Repeat if serial # is not visible
- Note taking
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| series of patterned bars and spaces |
|
|
Term
| When did barcode development begin and who was the first to apply it? |
|
Definition
1948
Railroad industry (1967) |
|
|
Term
| What are the features of Code 39? |
|
Definition
- 9 bars=1 character
- One character: has 5 dark bars and 4 light, 3 wide and 6 narrow
- all codes include start and stop characters (always asterisks)
|
|
|
Term
| What are techniques for recovering obliterated serial #s/barcodes? |
|
Definition
Auto decoding
Chemical processing
Manual decryption |
|
|
Term
| What are the steps for manual decryption? |
|
Definition
- Inspect the barcode and make sure all portions of all bars are present
- Determine if all bars present (45 dark bars)
- From left to right:count 5 black bars and draw a line. Start count with next dark bar.
- Interpret and Record patterns
- Use Code 39 Key
|
|
|
