involves macrophages, T Cells, Hypersensitivity cells, natural Killer cells, and granulocytes

[Note: Antibodies DO NOT play a majoy role]

natural

atrificial (sera, gamma globulin)

lgM: fightes blood infections and triggers the production of lgG

lgG: main antibody against bacteria

lgA: (most common) chief antibody in membrane of Gi & respiratory tract

lgE: present in skin/mucous membranes

Antigenic: any foreign particle that enters the body

Immunogenic: any foreign particles that triggers an immune response

All immunogens are antigens but not all antigens are immunogens

binding of an antigen and antibody

immune complexes & activate complement cascade

monospecific antibodies that are the same b/c they are made by identical immune cells that are clones of the parent cells

{note: used in cancer immunotherapy}

materials that can artificially induce immunity to an infectious disease.

The ideal vaccine:

-contains enough antigens

-covers all strains

-few or no side effects

-does not cause disease

{note: Hypersentivity: overly sensitive immune system}

1. Immediate hypersentivity reaction:

within mintutes-24 hours

2. Delayed Hypersentivity reaction:

greater than 24 hours

cell-mediated

involes lgE Abs and release of chemical mediators

allergic response

allergens

allergy shots

cytotoxic reactoins (cell damage)

incompatible blood transfusions

Rh factor incompatibility

1. Ag binds to cell surface

2. Ab binds to Ag

3. Ab binding starts complement activation

4. Complement cascade lyses cell

tissue damage

autoimmune disease: systemic lupus erythematosis & rheumatoid arthritis

delayed type

transplant rejection

1. influx of PMN within 2-3 hourss of injection

2. PMNs dispearse; followed by macrophage and lymphocytes

3. Area becomes red within 12-18 hours

4. Redness peaks between 24-48 hours

5. Swelling and redness disappear with time

detection of Abs and Ag

tests for lgM Abs

Test paired sera:

-acute serum

-convalescent serum

Etiology: Varicella-Zoster Virus & Herpes Virus 3

Reserviors & MOT: infected humans, person-to-person, direct and airborne droplets

Diagnosis: Clinical presentations/ immunology methods

Etiolgy: Rubella virus

Reservior & MOT: infected humans, droplet spread, direct contact w/ nasopharyngeal secretions

Diagnosis: clinical presentation & immunology methods

Fine, pink, flat rash

1-2 days post onset

effects face & neck first

1st trimester

interuterine death, spontaneous abortions, congenital malformations

26 cases in 2001

etiology: Rubeola (measles) virus

Reservoir & MOT: infected humans, droplet spread, direct contact w/ nasopharyngeal secretions

fomites contaminated with naspharyngeal secretions

Symptoms: Blotchy, red, rash; 3-7 days post onset, face first

Complications: bronchitis, pnemonia, otitis media, encephalitis

Etiologic Agent: Variola Virus

Reservoir & MOT: infected humans, droplet spread, direct contact w/ nasopharyngeal secretions, fomites contaminated with lesion secretions

Diagnosis: nucleic acid-based methods

folliculitis: infection localized to the hair follicle

furnuncle: involves sebacious gland

carbuncle: multiple furnuncles grouped together

abscesses: collections of pus

Impetigo: contagious skin infection with blisters and sores

Scaled Skin Syndrom: skin becomes damages and sheds

highly resistant

vancomycin (drug treatment)

IV delivery, inpatient

susceptible to limited # of drugs other than vancomycin

oral delivery, outpatient

skin pores become clogged

Etiology: proprionibacterium acne

Diagnosis: Clincial presentation

impetigo

scarlet fever

Erysipelas

Facilitis

Necrotizing Facilitis

Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton

Reservior: humans, animals, and soil

nail

also called onychomycosis

Direct Microscopic exammination (potassium hydroxide prep & calcofluor white)

Culture

transmission: airborne spread, direct contact

diagnosis: rapid antigen testing

antivirals: must be given soon after symptoms appear; some specific for A and some A & B

Reservoir: rodents

Transmission: inhalation of feces, urine, saliva

Diagnosis: Serology

small gram (-) bacteria lacking a cell wall

"walking pneumonia" or atypical

transmission: humans & fomites

Diagnosis: serology

pathonumonic: bubbles formed in ear drums

acid-fast, slow growing

acute or chronic

advanced symptoms: shortness of breath, chest pain, hemoptysis (coughing up blood and parts of lungs), hoarseness

Multidrug resistance: M. Tuberculosis

Reservoir: humans and other mammals

Transmission: airborne, infected animals, contaminated milk and dairy products

Diagnosis: radiogram, skin, culture, nucleic acid-based tests

more advanced

 destroys lungs

active bacilli sits for over 20 years

activates after immune system weakens

clinical presentation

prodromal stage: mild, cold-like symptoms

Paroxymal stage: severe symptoms; lung rupture, eyes bleeding, broken ribs

Convalescent stage: 4 weeks post onset 

small gram (-) coccobacilli

Diagnosis: direct flororescent antibody and culture

slow/insensitive

poorly staining gram (-) bacillus

acute bacterial pneumonia

older demographic

[note: found in hotel fountains]

Reservoir: environmental water sources

Transmission: airborne water droplets, dust

Diagnosis: rapid urine Ag detection, culuture, serology

True/False

All fungal infections of the lower respiratory tract start of as primary pulmonary infections.

dissemination: lung lesions, abscesses throughout the body

Reservior: dry soil in Western Hemisphere

Transmission: inhalation of arthrospores

Diagnosis: Culture, serology

most common fungal meningitis 

most common in AIDS patients

pulmonary--> systemic

Reservior: bird feces, soil

transmission: inhalation of yeasts

Reservoir: bird, bat feces, soil

Transmission: inhalatoin of conidia from soil

[note: 3 um (microns) live and reproduce inside a macrophage) & are slow growing]

(aka P. Carinii & P. Jiroveci)

Reservior: infected humans

Diagnosis: direct observation of P. Jiroveci in clinical specimens