Term
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Definition
| large molecule that attract and hold water, uniformly distributed, does not settle (ex. protoplasm) |
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Term
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Definition
| stable mixture of 2 or more substances in a single phase |
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Term
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Definition
| large particles that float in a liquid, dispersion depends on physical |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of solute is small compared to solvent |
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Term
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Definition
| force produced by solvent particles under certain conditions |
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Term
| FACTORS THAT AFFECT OSMOTIC PRESSURE |
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Definition
| solvent volume & temperature |
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Term
| THE EFFECT OSMOTIC PRESSURE HAS ON SOLUTIONS OF VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS SEPARATED BY A SEMI- PERMEABLE MEMBRANE |
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Definition
| : allows passage of solvent molecules but not solute & an equal ratio of solute and solvent concentration is maintained on both sides of the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| the osmotic pressure exerted by a solution |
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Term
ISOTONIC:
HYPOTONIC:
HYPERTONIC: |
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Definition
equal tonicity
lower tonicity
higher tonicity |
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Term
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Definition
positively (+) charged ion
negatively (-) charged ion |
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Term
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Definition
| substance containing free ions that make substance electrically conductive |
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Term
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Definition
| compound that yields/ donates a H+ proton when placed in an aqueous solution |
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Term
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Definition
| compound that yields hydroxyl ion (OH-) when placed in aqueous solution; compound that accepts H+ |
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Term
| NORMAL pH RANGE FOR HUMAN BODY |
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Definition
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Term
| CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER IN HUMAN BODY: |
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Definition
45-80% of body weight is water
Lean > Obese, Men>Women, Children/Infants> Adults |
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Term
WATER DISTRIBUTED IN THE BODY
intracellular
extracellular |
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Definition
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Term
| PROMINENT ELECTROLYTES IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID |
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Definition
| Sodium (Na+), Chloride (Cl-), Bicarbonate (HCO3-) |
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Term
| PROMINENT ELECTROLYTES IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID |
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Definition
| Potassium (K+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Phosphate (HPO42-), Sulfate (SO42+) |
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Term
| HOW WATER IS LOST FROM BODY: |
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Definition
Insensible water loss : from skin, lungs; cannot be measured
Sensible water loss: urine output, GI tract; can be measured
Abnormal water loss: vomiting, diarrhea, gastric suctioning, severe burns, fever |
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Term
| HOW MUCH WATER NEEDS TO BE REPLENISHED IN PATIENT WITH FEVER |
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Definition
| for each (1) degree increase in body temperature higher than 99 F that persists for 24hrs, an additional 1000 mL of fluid is required |
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Term
| HOW WATER CAN BE LOST THROUGH RESPIRATORY TRACT |
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Definition
| an increase in ventilation will increase water loss from lungs; artificial airways that are not adequately humidified tend to have water loss |
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Term
| When hydrostatic pressure is greater than osmotic pressure |
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Definition
| fluid moves from capillaries to interstitial space |
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Term
| When osmotic pressure is greater than hydrostatic pressure |
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Definition
| fluids & solutes move from interstitial space to capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at a given point within the fluid, due to the force of gravity |
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Term
| FACTORS THAT AFFECT HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE/ TENDENCY ON FLUIDS |
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Definition
| BP, blood volume, gravity |
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Term
| CAPILLARY COLLOIDAL OSMOTIC PRESSURE |
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Definition
| "pulling pressure” into a vessel; depends on protein concentration in liquid; higher protein content sucks more fluid into vessel; proteins cannot get out, drawing water towards capillaries |
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Term
| FUNCTION OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM WITH REGUARDS TO FLUID MOVEMENT |
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Definition
| channels help remove excess fluid interstitial spaces; very low pressure |
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Term
| HOW ALVEOLAR INTERSTITIAL AREAS OF LUNG REMAIN RELATIVELY DRY |
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Definition
| simple diffusion removes excess fluids from interstitial spaces to lymphatic channels (prevents edema) |
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Term
| COMMON CAUSE OF INCREASED HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE IN PULMONARY CIRCULATION |
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Definition
| an increase causes fluid to move in the alveolar- capillary spaces; excess fluid in the interstitial space is called Edema |
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Term
| NORMAL RANGE FOR SERUM SODIUM |
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Definition
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Term
| HOW SODIUM REABSORPTION IN KIDNEY IS REGULATED |
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Definition
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Term
| MOST PROMINENT ANION IN BODY |
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Definition
| Chloride (Cl-) *usually excreted with K+ as KCl |
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Term
| NORMAL RANGE FOR SERUM CHLORIDE |
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Definition
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Term
| NORMAL RANGE FOR BICARBONATE |
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Definition
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Term
| ROLE OF BICARBONATE IN ACID BASE HOMEOSTASIS |
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Definition
| strong base bicarbonate/carbonic acid buffer pair; HCO3- is primary method of CO2 transport; IT’S A BUFFER! |
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Term
| HOW KIDNEYS REACT TO ACUTE RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS |
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Definition
| kidneys retain HCO3- to buffer extra acid resulting from CO2 retention |
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Term
| MOST PROMINENT CATION IN INTRACELLULAR COMPARTMENT |
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Definition
| Potassium (K+), 98% found in cells |
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Term
| Factors that influence solubility: |
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Definition
Nature of the solute
• Strength of the solute-solute bond
– Nature of the solvent
• Strength of the solvent-solvent bond
– Pressure
• Solubility of gases varies directly with pressure
– Temperature
• Solubility of solids ↑ with ↑ temperature
• Solubility of gases ↓ with ↑ temperature |
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Term
Osmotic pressure varies ___ with temp
osmotic pressure is_______ proportional to the volume of solvent |
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Definition
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Term
| The average body cellular fluid tonicity is |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| edema can be caused by a decrease in colloid osmotic pressure |
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Term
The pressure in the cell that counteracts the flow of
water into the cell is called |
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Definition
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Term
Bind lose protons in a solution, thereby limiting
their damaging effects |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
ammonia- NH3
Carbonates - CO3 2-
protiens |
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Term
| newborns have ___ % water weight |
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Definition
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Term
hydrostatic pressure keeps it
osmotic pressure keeps it |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
extracellular cation - most important
ECF (50%), bones (40%), and cells
(10%)
Level is primarily governed by aldosterone |
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Term
Na+ balance is tied to acid-base balance (H+
exchange) and regulation of |
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Definition
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Term
Hyponatremia is not enough sodium Causes
Hypernatremia is too much sodium cuases |
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Definition
GI loss, sweating, fever, diuretics, CHF,kidney failure
– Symptoms: weakness, tachycardia
– Causes: net sodium gain, net water loss, steroid
therapy, increased aldosterone (hyperaldosteronism)
– Symptoms: irritability, tremulousness, confusion,
ataxia, seizures, coma |
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Term
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Definition
3.5–5.0 mEq/L
Main intracellular cation, 98% found in cells
Active transport is required to move K+ into cells
against the concentration gradient. |
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Term
| Hypokalemia is not enough potassium |
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Definition
– Causes: diuretics, steroids, vomiting, diarrhea,
kidney disease, malnutrition, trauma
– Symptoms: muscle weakness, paralysis, EKG
abnormalities, arrhythmias, cardiac arrest |
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Term
| Hyperkalemia is too much potassium |
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Definition
– Causes: chronic renal disease, NSAID, hemorrhage,
ACE inhibitors, potassium-sparring diuretics
– Symptoms: EKG changes, arrhythmias, cardiac
arrest |
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Term
| Calcium (Ca++) normal range |
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Definition
Normal range 4.5-5.25 mEq/L
– Important for enzyme activity, blood clotting, bone
calcification and neuromuscular function
– Mostly contained in bones
– Body needs vitamin D to absorb calcium |
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Term
| Hypocalcemia is not enough calcium |
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Definition
Causes: pancreatitis, renal
failure, trauma
– Symptoms: muscle twitching, hyperactive reflexes,
spasm, abdominal cramps, EKG changes |
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Term
| Hypercalcemia is too much calcium |
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Definition
– Causes: hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism,
cancer, thiazide diuretics
– Symptoms: fatigue, depression, muscle
weakness, nausea, vomiting |
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Term
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Definition
normal range 1.7–2.1 mg/dl
– 99% is intracellular
– Important for cell membrane function, metabolism
of fat, protein, and carbs
– Magnesium lowers blood pressure (important for
pregnant moms with hypertension)
– Main repository is bones.
• Very slow exchange with bones may take
weeks.
Serum levels stable even if 20% of body Mg2+ is
depleted
• Most of the losses come from extracellular
spaces. |
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Term
| Hypomagnesemia is not enough magnesium |
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Definition
– Causes: inadequate intake/impaired absorption,
pancreatitis, alcoholism
– Symptoms: muscle weakness, tetany, EKG
changes, arrhythmias, delerium |
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Term
| • Hypermagnesemia is too much magnesium |
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Definition
Causes: dehydration, renal insufficiency, tissue
trauma, lupus
– Symptoms: EKG changes, cardiac arrest,
respiratory muscle paralysis |
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Term
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Definition
normal range is 1.2–2.3 mEq/L
– 80–90% in bones and teeth, 10–14% is
intracellular, ~1% is extracellular
– Organic phosphate (HPO4
2-) is the main anion
within cells.
• Primary role in cellular energy production as
source of ATP
– In acid-base balance, phosphate is the main
urinary buffer for acid excretion.
– Hyperphosphatemia causes hypocalcemia, which
may be life threatening. |
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Term
| plasma colloid osmotic pressure sometimes called |
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Definition
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