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Flashcards
well, of course new words
90
Science
10th Grade
03/02/2012

Additional Science Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

 

Observation

 

Definition

using all five senses to watch something carefully for a period of time. (Scitific Method)


e.g. The tablet was dissolving in the water quickly; we could see a lot of bubbles.



Term

 

 

 

Question

Definition

 

Asking for unusul situations or information.

 

e.g. Does temperature affect the rate of reaction?

Term

 

 

 

Hypothesis

 

 

 

Definition

An idea is suggested as a possible way of proving an idea, which has not yet been show ture.


e.g. Temperature does affect the rate of reaction.

 

Term

 

 

 

Prediction

Definition

Something that you say is going to happen; an important step before any experiment.



e.g. If the tablet dissolves faster, then the temperature affect the rate of reaction.

 

Term

 

 

 

Experiment

Definition

Test using scientific methods to discover how things reacts under certain conditions.


e.g. Put tablet into the hot water, dissolved.

Term

 

 

 

Procedure

Definition

The correct way of doing something; the plans and steps for a experment.


e.g.         1.Cut the tablet into four piece

               2.Put the tablet into the water

               3.Record the time of fully dissolving

 

Term

 

 

 

Data Collection

Definition

Information, numbers, or facts that show in a experiment being collected. There are many ways to collect data. We can use graph, table, and diagram.

e.g.


Temp.           20。  water      40 water


Time(s)    68s                30s



 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

Analysis

Definition

A careful examination of something in order to understand and reasoning.


e.g. The tablet dissolves faster in hot water; it means heat make the rate of reaction faster.

 

 

Term

 

 

 

Conclusion

Definition

Something that you find out after considering all the facts and information you have.

 

 

e.g. Temperature does affect the rate of recation. The molecule moves faster when gets hot

 

Term

 

 

 

Three kinds of variables & Controlled experiment

Definition

Manipulated variable(independent variable): something that intentionally changed by people.

 

Responding variable(dependent) :the things that affected as a result of the change of manipulated variable.

 

Controlled variable: something that not change, keep constant in order to be efficient.

 

Controlled experiment: Using the idea "control" to make sth. constant during the whole experiment.

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

Proton

Definition

A stable subatomic particle carry positive electric charge.

The same element have the same number of protons.   [image]

Term

 

 

 

Neutron

Definition

A part of an atom that has no electrical charge.

 

 

♠ one of the things in every atomic except ordinary hydrogen.

[image]

Term

 

 

 

Nucleus(nuclear)

Definition

The central part of an atom, which is densely packed with protons and neutrons.

It makes up almost all of the mass of an atom.

[image]

 


Term

 

 

 

Electron

Definition

Lightest electrically charged piece that moves around the nucleus of an atom in high speed.

* electrons closer to the nucleus are more tightly[image]

Term

 

 

 

Subatomic Particles

(Elementary Particles)

Definition

Any units of matter and energy.

There are more than 200 subatomic.

 

 

e.g. Ca, O, Zn, Cl...are all elements.

Term

 

 

 

Atomic Number

Definition

It is the number of protons. It organizes the "things" elements.

*In a neutral atom, the atomic number also equate with the number of electrons.

e.g. There are 12 protons in Mg's atom, so we can say the atomic number of Mg is 12.

Term

 

 

 

Nuclear Charge

Definition

The electric charge of a nucleus. Since nucleus is densely packed with protons and neutron, and neutron has no charge, the charge of the protons is actually the charge of the nucleus.

 

e.g. Hydrogen has only one protons, so we can say its nuclear charge is positive 1.

Term

 

 

 

Nuetral

 

 

Definition

A neutral substance is neither acid nor base.

It can also mean the same number of protons and the same number of electrons make the atom "seems like" on charge.


Term

 

 

 

Atomic Charge


Definition

The Charge of atom.

Neutron has no charge, and proton has positive one charge, and electron has negative one charge.

* Normally, there are same number of protons and electrons in a neutral atom, so protons are balanced by electrons.



Term

 

 

 

Atomic Mass

Definition

The mass of protons is approximately equal to neutrons, and the mass of electrons is very light, so atomic mass is mostly protons and neutrons.


Mass are relative; it's not the actually mass but it's a ratio compare to the 1/12 of Carbon mass.

Term

 

 

 

Atom, molecule, element, and compound

Definition

Atom   the smallest part of an element(can form molecule)


Molecule the unit that can be divided, usually consisting of two or more atom.


Element  It constitude all matter in the world. Atom is the smallest units of elements.


Compound  It contains atoms from two or more elements

Term

 

 

 

Comparing atom and ion

Definition

Atom  the smallest unit of an element. Normally, an atom means it's neutral; protons' and electrons' number stay the same, so atom seems like no charge.


Ion  an atom which has been given or kaken away electrons. It has to have one or more + or - electric charge.

Term

 

 

 

Ionic  Charge

Definition

 

[image]

It's the charge of an ion; it has to have a neither postive charge or negative charge.

Term

 

 

 

Cations and Anions

Definition

Cations are positive ion; they are metals who lose electrons.


Anions are negative ion; they are non-meatals who gain electrons.

e.g. Mg ion is a cation; Cl ion is a anion.

Term

 

 

 

The Periodic Table

Definition

[image]

It organizes all the chemical elements in approximately increasing order of their atomic mass.

Term

 

 

 

Period(row)

Definition

It's the rows that go across the periodic table.→

  • From left to right, element increase by 1 proton
  • same number shells going across
Term

 

 

 

Familes(column)

Definition

It's the vertical groups that going down in the periodic table .

  • The element that in the same family behave in similar ways
  • they have same number of electrons on outer shell
  • while going down, each element increase by 1 shell(ring)
  • There are four big familes
Term

 

 

 

Meatals and non-metals

Definition

They are separated by a →          line.

  

         →

              

Metals lose electrons to form positive ion, non- metals gain electrons to form negative ion.

 

Term

 

 

 

Alkali Metals

Definition

The metals that forms a chemical salt when combined with an acid.

 

The Alkali metals are in the first group.

Term

 

 

 

Alkaline Earth Metals

Definition

Metals that contains alkali. They all have postive two ion charge.


They are in the second group.

 

 

Term

 

 

 

Transition Metals

Definition

They are the metals from group 3 to group 12.

Term

 

 

 

Noble Gas

Definition

They are the non- metals in group 18. They are very unreactive since they all have a full valence shell which are considered stable.

Term

 

 

 

Halogen

Definition

They are in group 17. Five of them are hightly reactive with most metals.

Term

 

 

 

Bohr Model

Definition

[image]

It shows all the shells and electrons outside the nucleus.

  • As we going right of the periodic table, it increses one electron outside .
  • The same groups have the same numbers of electrons outside
  • The elements in the same period increase one shell as we going right
Term

 

 

 

Lewis Diagram

Definition

The diagram that only shows the most outer shells of the elements.In the same group, the number of electrons stay the same.

  • Since they have the same numbers of valence electrons, they are behave similar.[image]

 

Term

 

 

 

Valence Electron

Definition

The numbers of electrons in the most outer shell, and they dicided the proporties of different elements.


Term

 

 

 

Valence Shell

Definition

The most outer, final shell.

Term

 

 

 

Comparing Bohr Model and Lewis Diagram

Definition

The Bohr Model shows all the rings and all the electrons outside the nucleus.


Lewis Model showa only the most outer shell and valence electrons.

Term

 

 

 

Ionic Bond

Definition

Metals and non-metals bonding. They both eager to have a full outer shell. So, they come to an arrangement.

 [image]

The metal is attracted to the non-metal and they form a bond.

Term

 

 

 

Ionic Compound

Definition

It's simply Metal and non-Metal bond together to form a ionic compound.[image]

Term

 

 

 

Binary Ionic Compound

Definition

There is only two elements bond together in a Binary Ionic Compound.(Metal and non-Metal)

Term

 

 

 

Paper Model

Definition

It's a easy way to represent the ionic compound. Square is for receiver; circle is for giver.

Term

 

 

 

Chemical Formula

Definition

Using abbreviation to write the word of the elements, showing how many elements are in the compound and the number of atom in each element.

e.g.  Al2 O3    Co2 (SO4 )3

Term

 

 

 

Combining Capcity(CC)

Definition

It's simply the ion charge(s) that shows in the periodic table.[image]

Term

 

 

 

Subscripts

Definition

The small number on right side of the elements. It indicates the number of each atom in the compound.

 

e.g.  Ca3    Fe4

 

Term

 

 

 

Multivalent

Definition

It means the elements have more than one ion charge.

 

[image]

Term

 

 

 

Polyatomic

Definition

There are more atoms in the ion.

[image]

 

 


Term

 

 

 

Covalent Compound

Definition

 

It's non-Metal and non-metal bond together form a compound. (connection)


e.g. OCO2

Term

 

 

 

Covalent Bonding

Definition

 

It's non-metal share electrons with other non-metal. Atoms overlap tightly, and the unpair electrons from each atom will pair together.


e.g. NH3

Term

 

 

 

Unpair Electron

Definition

 

They are the singular electron found in the valence shell.(Before boning)

Term

 

 

 

Bond Pair Electron

Definition

 

They are the paired electrons found in a covalent bond.

 

Term

 

 

 

Lone Pair Electron

Definition

 

They are already paired, no bonded, found in the valence shell.

Term

 

 

 

Diatomic Molecules

Definition

It's a pair of atoms of the same element that are joined by covalent bonds.


e.g. H2 O2 At2

Term

 

 

 

Prefix

Definition

 

When we are writing the formula for covalent compound, we use prefixes to determine the number of atoms present for each element.(if the first one has only one atom, we don't need then)

 

e.g. Carbon disulphide

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

Materials For Lab

Definition

 

Test tube: glass that can be heated and can be used as the place where the reaction happens.

Wooded splint:use to be burn in the flame

Bunsen burner:provides heat and flame

Glass stirring rod: used to mix things.

Goggles: never forget when doing a lab!!

Term

 

 

 

Chemical Reaction

Definition

 

It's the process of breaking or rearrange chemical bonds through chemical change.


Oxygen gas+Hydrogen gas→water

 

 


Term

 

 

 

Reactant

Definition

It's the things that we start with a chemical reaction.

 

 

 

 

e.g. H2 + OH2O(product)


Term

 

 

 

Product

 

 

 

 

Definition

 

It's a new chemical compound produced by chemical reaction. We call it “finished thing.”


e.g. H2 + OH2O(product)

 

Term

 

 

 

Precipitate

Definition

It's some substances that forms by a chemical reaction.


e.g. Iron(111)hydroxide is the precipitate that form after Iron(111)chloride add to sodium hydroxide.

Term

 

 

 

Chemical Equation

Definition

The equation that shows the reactant, product...all the basic information of a chemical reaction.

 

e.g   2Be+O2 → 2BeO

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

Skeleton Equation

Definition

 

It's the unbalanced equation.


e.g.  H2+O2 →H2O

Term

 

 

 

Balanced Equation

Definition

 

The equation that shows the Conservation of Mass. The number of atoms of each element are stay the same before and after reaction.

e.g.    2P+5O2 →2PO5

Term

 

 

 

Physical Change

Definition

There is no new bond created, like size change, states change density change...


e.g. Melting ice becomes water, and boiling water becomes steam

Term

 

 

 

Chemical Change

Definition

 

There are new things being created after a chemical changed.

 

e.g. The candles creates water and CO2

 

Term

 

 

 

Law Of Conservation Of Mass

Definition

 

Once balanced mass before equals mass after. The number of atoms stay the same for the whole time.

 

 

 e.g. 3Fe+2O2→3FeO4

Term

 

 

 

Endothermic Reaction

Definition

 

Heat energy is absorbed with reactant.


NH4SCN+Ba(OH)2+energy→H2O+NH3+Ba(SCN)2

Term

 

 

 

Exothermic reactions

Definition

Energy is give out while a chemical reaction.(become hotter after reaction)

 

 

 

 

 

 

H2O2+Kl→Kl+H2O+O2+energy

Term

 

 

 

Energy

Definition

It can be heat. It's something that absorded with the reactants or give out by the reactant.

Term

 

 

 

Rate of Reaction

Definition

The speed of a chemical reaction.


Temperature, concerntation, surface area, and catalyst are the factors affect the rate of reaction.


High temp. make it faster, more amount of reactant make ir faster, bigger surface area makes it faster, and catalyst can make it either faster or slower.

Term

 

 

 

Synthesis

Definition

A+B→AB

two or more things combining into only one thing through chemical reaction.

e.g.          2H2+O2→2H2O

Term

 

 

 

Decomposition

 

 

 

Definition

AB→A+B

One compound divided into two or more things through chemical reaction.

e.g.    2 H2O→2H2+O2

Term

 

 

 

Single Replacement

Definition

A+BC→AC+B

a single uncombined positive element replaces another positive in a compound. ONlY CHANGE ONE THING

e.g.  3Li+AlCl3→ Al +3LiCl

Term

 

 

 

Double Replacement

Definition

AB+CD→AD+CB

The postive replaces another positive; the negative replaces aother negative.CHANGE TWO TIMES

e.g.  NaOH+HCl→NaCl+H2O

Term

 

 

 

Combustion

Definition

Chemical reaction that using oxygen to produce light and heat.

e.g.   Candle+Oxygen Gas →water + Carbon dioxride

Term

 

 

 

Neutrazation

Definition

Bases+Acids→water + salt


e.g. HCl+NaOH→H2O+NaCl

Term

 

 

 

Catalyst

Definition

Necessary for the reaction to happen, happen slower, or happen quicker bur it doesn't react.


e.g.  2KClO3+MnO2 (catalyst)   2KCl+3O2

Term

 

 

 

Coefficient

Definition

The number put in front of the compound in order to balance the equation.


e.g. 3Fe+2O2 → 3FeO4

Term

 

 

 

Acids

Definition

Substances that have a PH that is smaller than 7.

All acids contains at least one H atom.

Compound contains O may have H on the right side of the chemical formula.

e.g.HCl(aq) HF(aq)

Term

 

 

 

Bases

Definition

Substances that have a PH that is larger than 7. All bases must have hdroxide.

(Water is in 7 ‘neutral’)

*Strong base are highly reactive call caustic(danger)

e.g. NaOH


Term

 

 

 

Indicator

Definition

We use indicator to find out the level of acidity or basicity .

 

e.g. Methyl orange, Methyl yellow

 

Term

 

 

 

PH Scale

Definition

It's a numberical scale 1-14, and it shows where acids stand and where bases stand. 1is strong acid 14 is strog base. The more things closer to 7, the more "gental" it is.


Term

 

 

 

(aq)

Definition

It equals to compound dissolved in water.(inbetween soild and liqud)

We have to write (aq) after a acid.

 

e.g. HF(aq)

Term

 

 

 

Isotope?(unknown word)

Definition

A element has nuclei with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

 

Tin has ten isotopes.

Term

 

 

 

Caustic

Definition

It Can burn though things chemically.=

=strong bases

Term

 

 

 

Organic Compound

Definition

It's simply the compound that contain carbon element. They are produce by organ.

 

Exception: CaCo3  CO2

 

e.g. CH4  CH3Cl  C2H2

Term

 

 

 

Synthetic

Definition

Produded by difference fake things, rather than being naturally produced.(opposite: Natural)

 

e.g.  Nylon

 

Term

 

 

 

Salt

Definition

Actually it is Sodium Chloride.

Produce by the combining of acid and base

 

 

Term

 

 

 

Hydrocarbon

Definition

A kind of ORGANIC compound.(H+C)


E.g. Methane, Ethane(manufacturing), Propane (Camp fuel).

Term

 

 

 

Alcohols

Definition

A kind of ORANGIC compound.(C+H+O)


e.g. Methanol, Ethanol.

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