Short Bones

skull, shoulders, ribs, pelvic bones

• covers soft body parts

diaphysis

medullary

epiphyses

articular catrilage

periosteum

endosteum

epiphysical

cavity-

hollow area inside diaphysis contains doft yelow marrow

end of bone

made of spongy or cancellous bone

red bone marrow fill small spaces in cancellous bone

•  helps doctors determine how much bone growth is left in children.
• as bone grows it becomes ossified from small ceters in ends of bones

commonly known as the hip bone

supports the trunk of the body.

contains several organs: the sigmoid organs, the rectum, the bladderm, the female reproductive oragns and other soft organs

Legs are attached to the pelvis

• knee cap
• a small flat bone

the two longer leg bones

thin bone hidden under the leg muscle

rounded process at the end of a bone that forms

an articulation or joining functions

opening for blood vessels and nerves

 to pass through

Bones are composed of 50%water

and 50% solid matter

Infections

Vitamen, mineral and or hormonal deficiencies

Neoplasms of the bone

secondary bone disease

fractures

cogenital disorders

bone is broken, but doesnt protrude through skin.

The neigboring muscles and tissues are not damaged

Bone that comes through the skin,

and there is considerable damage to other tisue

bone is broken because of bone disease

not trauma

• swollen, brusied and or deformed areas
• intense pain
• inability to move injured part

Reduction: restoring bone to normal pos.

Closed reduction: manipulatin bone back to normal pos without surgery

Open Reduction: restoring bone to normal pos through surgery

• point of contact between two bones
• also known as a articulation

Diarthrotic Joints

• allow wide variety of movement, ranging in many directions
• composed of  a joint capsule, layer of articular cartilage and a synovial membrane

Ball and Socket Joints

ball shaped head of one bone

fits into the concave socket of another

ex: hips and shoulders

alllow movemet in only two directions

ex: knee and finger joints

small projections of one bone that pivot in an arch of another bone

ex: first vertebrae in neck which allows the head to rotate

allow to slip into an elliptical socket.

allow a rotating movemend

can perform a limited amount of movement.

Cartilage connects the joined bones

ex: veterbrae of spinal column and pubis

dont have a joint cavity and are immovable.

tissue  grows between adjoining bones.

ex:bones of the skull

return from flexion

returns body back to anatomical pos

moving bone away from the midline of the body.

ex: moving arms straight out

opposite of abduction.

Bringing arms back to side is example of adduction

pivoting or moving a bone upon own axis.

ex: turning head from side to side

• most common joint disease
• means inflammation of a joint
• great amt of pain and inflammation
• persistent pain and stiffness
• one or more joints swollen
• experience in back, neck, hip and joints
• in arms, hands, feet and legs

• Most serious and crippling form
• affects more and more joints as time passes
• cause is unknown
• no cure
• anti-inflammatory drugs are perscribed
• symptoms are listlessness, loss of appetite, feeling of being ill, weight loss and muscual pain
• joints become swollen, tender to touch and paiful to move

• occurs because of wear and tear on joints
• affect older population
• causes the articular cartilage to crack and flake
• underlying bone becomes thick and distorted.
• movement becomes painful from lack of use
• symptoms: pain, swelling and stiffness in the joint area, knobby looking joints

• abnormal swelling of a joint between big toe and first metatarsal bone
• symptoms are pain in joint between big toe and joint area, bony protrusion from outside of toe

causeed by tissues that swell and compress the median nerve as it runs between the liagment and the bones and tendons of the wrist

• symptoms are, tingling and numbness of part of the hand, pain that shoot up the wrist, numbness of the thumb and one or more fingers

occurs when bones that should be in contact are torn apart so that the hoint no longer functions

• symptoms are misshaped joint, extreme pain in joint area and joint becomes swollen, discolored and immovable

also known as tendon calcaneus

stretches down the calf to the heel and the hamstrings

move internal organs, such as digestive tract, blood vessels and secretory ducts.

Cant consciously control these muscles

also known as the myocardium, forms most of the walls of the heart.

have cross strations or stripes

described as striated muscle, because of the dark and light bands in the muscle fibers which create a striped appearance

movements can be controlled

• Point where the muscle attaches to the stationary bone is called the origin of that muscle
• The point of junction of the muscle to the bone that moves is called the insertion of the muscle

quadriceps femoris

tibialis anterior

gastrocnemius

peroneus group

creatine phosphate

secondar energy source to ATP

created from glucose

slang term for muscle strain.

3 diagnostic degrees

when the tendon tears the muscle contracts and may become swollen b/c of internal bleeding

when tendon is severed the muscle which its attached too contracts. When the muscle contracts the tendon snaps away.

Surgery is required

Epigastric hernia

Paraumbilical hernia

Inguinal hernia

Femoral hernia

Hiatal hernia

Incisional hernia

herniorrhaphy

Dura matter

arachnoid

pia mater

cerebrum

diencephalon,

which includes the hpothalamus  and the thalamus

cerebellum