What is the latin name for whitefish? (subfamily)

Coregoninae

What is the latin name for grayling? (subfamily)

Thymallinae 

What is the latin name for Atlantic salmon and trout? (genus)

Salmo

Salvelinus malma

• Group of fish, in a species, genetically self-sustaining and isolated during reproduction

• Generally used when

  referring to Pacific salmon populations

Define 'anadromous', 'catadromous', 'non-anadromous'?

• anadromous = fish species that does most of growing at sea and returns to freshwater to spawn (Pacific and Atlantic salmon)
• catadromous = fish species that does most of growing in freshwater and spawns at sea
• non-anadromous = fish life that spends most of its life in freshwater

• semelparous = species that spawns only once (all Pacific salmon)
• iteroparous = species that matures and spawns more than once

1. Direct observation of individually identifiable animals whose histories can be followed through time
2. Estimation based on size frequency distribution
3. Estimation based on analysis of hard body parts (scales, otoliths, fin rays) whose structure retains growth information relatable to time

PROS

• accurate info about age
• large sampling size
• collect other info
• follow migration
• easy on fish

CONS

• hard to find
• tag a lot ($$)
• time consuming
• cause mortality
• mortality affects data

PROS

• fairly easy once graphed
• better for small scale long-term studies
• use statistics to mitigate error
• non-destructive
• no experts required

CONS

• overlap in age class
• false readings, inaccuracies
• not best for all studies

PROS

• can be non-destructive
• collection fairly easy
• dont need as many samples
• don't need to know life history

CONS

• can be destructive (otoliths), cut open fish
• expertise required
• time consuming
• expensive

Laterally compressed body shape

S1, S2, S3, S4 are fish bearing

S5, S6 are NOT fish bearing

• riparian looks similar, but
• differences in sinuosity, width, length, volume, number of pools/riffles, depth, bank erosion, old rootwad/LWD cover, undercut banks, FSZs

a) total length

b) fork length

c) standard length

d) post orbital length

e) head length

f) snout length

Salvelinus confluentus (Bull trout)

• non-anadromous
• dark body, light spots
• white edges on fins
• no pattern on dorsal fin

Salvelinus malma (Dolly varden)

• anadromous
• dark body, light spots
• white edges on fins
• red/pink spots on side
• no pattern on dorsal fin

Salvelinus fortinalis (Brook trout)

• red dots surrounded by blue halos
• brown body with yellow spots
• white edges on fins
• pattern on dorsal fin

Salvelinus fontinalis (Brook trout)

• red dots surrounded by blue halos
• brown body with yellow spots
• white edges to fins
• pattern on dorsal fin

Salvelinus namaycush (Lake trout)

• brown, dark grey colour with creamy spots
• white leading edges
• least colourful

Salmo salar (Atlantic salmon)

• irregular shaped spots (x-shaped)
• 2-3 large spots on operculum

Salmo trutta (Brown trout)

·         Light body, dark spots

·         Red spots with light-coloured halos

·         Blunt caudal fin (square-ish shape)

Oncorhynchus clarki (cutthroat salmon)

·         Red slash colouring

·         Long maxilla

·         Green back, pink side

·         Teeth on tongue (hyoid teeth)

Oncorhynchus clarki (cutthroat salmon)

·         Red slash colouring

·         Long maxilla

·         Green back, pink side

·         Teeth on tongue (hyoid teeth)

Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout)

·         Shorter maxilla

·         Green back, pink side

·         No teeth

Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout)

·         Shorter maxilla

·         Green back, pink side

·         No teeth

Oncorhynchus clarki (cutthroat salmon)

·         Red slash colouring

·         Long maxilla

·         Green back, pink side

·         Teeth on tongue (hyoid teeth)

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Chinook salmon)

·         Very large, largest salmon in Oncorhynchus

·         Mottled brown/grey/sometimes red colour

·         Black gums

·         Hook jaw

·         Slight hump

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Chinook salmon)

·         Very large, largest salmon in Oncorhynchus

·         Mottled brown/grey/sometimes red colour

·         Black gums

·         Hook jaw

·         Slight hump

Oncorhynchus nerka (sockeye salmon)

·         Bright red, slight white colouration on belly, green head

·         Large hump

·         Females = less bright, less hump

Oncorhynchus keta (chum salmon)

·         Juveniles = Faint parr marks above lateral line

·         Splotchy purple banding along lateral line

·         dark green back and white belly

·         Large teeth

·         Large hook jaw

Oncorhynchus kisutch (coho salmon)

·         Juvenile = Parr marks narrower than interspaces

·         Olive green back, red belly

·         Extended jaw; not as pronounced in females

·         No hump

·         White gums

Oncorhynchus kisutch (coho salmon)

·         Juvenile = Parr marks narrower than interspaces

·         Olive green back, red belly

·         Extended jaw; not as pronounced in females

·         No hump

·         White gums

Oncorhynchus gorbushcha (pink salmon)

·         Juveniles = Have no parr marks

·         Large hooked upper jaw

·         olive/grey and white

·         Pink colour streaking along lateral line

·         Large dorsal hump (males)

Thymallinae (Grayling)

• sail-like dorsal fin

Coregoninae (whitefish)

·         Silver

·         Deeply forked tail

·         Slightly sub-terminal mouth

·         Large scales

·         Torpedo shape

Cyprinidae (Minnows)

·         Anal fin almost in line with back of dorsal fin

·         Anal fin far from caudal fin

·         Deeper bodied

·         Order  = Cypriniformes

Cyprinidae (Minnows)

·         Anal fin almost in line with back of dorsal fin

·         Anal fin far from caudal fin

·         Deeper bodied

·         Order  = Cypriniformes

Cyprinidae (Minnows)

·         Anal fin almost in line with back of dorsal fin

·         Anal fin far from caudal fin

·         Deeper bodied

·         Order  = Cypriniformes

Catostomidae (suckers)

·         Protruding lips

·         Abdominal pelvic fins

·         Anal fin close to caudal fin

·         Torpedo shaped

·         Order = Cypriniformes

Percidae (perch)

·         Gap between spiny and fleshy sections of dorsal

·         Order = Perciformes

Percidae (perch)

·         Gap between spiny and fleshy sections of dorsal

·         Order = Perciformes

Centrarchidae (bass, sunfish)

·         Laterally compressed

·         Spines in fins

·         Pelvic fin close to head

·         Spiny-fleshy dorsal fin (no break between two sections)

·         Order = Perciformes

Gasteroteidae (sticklebacks)

·         Isolated spines

·         Thin caudal peduncal

Esocidae (pike)

·         Duck bill shaped mouth

·         Dorsal fin far back

Gadidae (cod)

·         Long, slender

·         Barbel on chin (like a beard)

Ictaluridae (catfish)

·         Whisker-like projections (barbells)

·         Skin, no scales

·         Adipose fin

Osmeridae (Smelts)

·         Adipose fin

·         Long and narrow

·         Silver

·         Supra-terminal mouth

·         Don’t confuse with whitefish

·         Order = Salmoniformes

Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout)

·         Shorter maxilla

·         Green back, pink side

·         No teeth

Gasteroteidae (sticklebacks)

·         Isolated spines

·         Thin caudal peduncal

Clupeidae (herring)

·         No lateral line, no scales

·         Laterally compressed

·         Serrated edge on bottom of fish

Petromyzontidae (lampreys)

·         No fins, no scales

·         Suction-like mouth

·         Anadromous

Percidae (perch)

·         Gap between spiny and fleshy sections of dorsal

·         Order = Perciformes

Esocidae (pike)

·         Duck bill shaped mouth

·         Dorsal fin far back

Centrarchidae (bass, sunfish)

·         Laterally compressed

·         Spines in fins

·         Pelvic fin close to head

·         Spiny-fleshy dorsal fin (no break between two sections)

·         Order = Perciformes

Gasteroteidae (sticklebacks)

·         Isolated spines

·         Thin caudal peduncal

Cottidae (sculpins)

·         Large wide pectoral fins

·         Pelvic fins reduced, tucked under pectoral fins

·         Order = Scorpaeniformes

Cottidae (sculpins)

·         Large wide pectoral fins

·         Pelvic fins reduced, tucked under pectoral fins

·         Order = Scorpaeniformes

Gadidae (cod)

·         Long, slender

·         Barbel on chin (like a beard)

Osmeridae (Smelts)

·         Adipose fin

·         Long and narrow

·         Silver

·         Supra-terminal mouth

·         Don’t confuse with whitefish

·         Order = Salmoniformes

Ictaluridae (catfish)

·         Whisker-like projections (barbells)

·         Skin, no scales

·         Adipose fin

Catostomidae (suckers)

·         Protruding lips

·         Abdominal pelvic fins

·         Anal fin close to caudal fin

·         Torpedo shaped

·         Order = Cypriniformes

Catostomidae (suckers)

·         Protruding lips

·         Abdominal pelvic fins

·         Anal fin close to caudal fin

·         Torpedo shaped

·         Order = Cypriniformes

Cyprinidae (Minnows)

·         Anal fin almost in line with back of dorsal fin

·         Anal fin far from caudal fin

·         Deeper bodied

·         Order  = Cypriniformes

Clupeidae (herring)

·         No lateral line, no scales

·         Laterally compressed

·         Serrated edge on bottom of fish

Clupeidae (herring)

·         No lateral line, no scales

·         Laterally compressed

·         Serrated edge on bottom of fish

Acipenseridae (sturgeon)

·         Four bony rows (scuttes) down side of body

·         Inferior mouth

Petromyzontidae (lampreys)

·         No fins, no scales

·         Suction-like mouth

·         Anadromous

Salvelinus confluentus (bull trout)

·         Non-anadromous

·         Dark body, light spots

·         White edges on fins

·         Red/pink markings on side

·         No patterns on dorsal fin

Salvelinus malma (Dolly Varden Char)

·         Anadromous

·         Dark body, light spots

·         White edges on fins

·         Red/pink markings on side

·         No patterns on dorsal fin

Salvelinus malma (Dolly Varden Char)

·         Anadromous

·         Dark body, light spots

·         White edges on fins

·         Red/pink markings on side

·         No patterns on dorsal fin

Salvelinus fontinalis (Brook trout)

·         Red dots surrounded by blue halos

·         White edges to fins

·         Brown body with yellow spots

·         Pattern on dorsal fin

Salvelinus fontinalis (Brook trout)

·         Red dots surrounded by blue halos

·         White edges to fins

·         Brown body with yellow spots

·         Pattern on dorsal fin

Salvelinus namaycush (lake trout)

·         Brown, dark grey coloured body, light-coloured spots (plain-looking)

·         Irregular shaped spots

Salmo trutta (Brown trout)

·         Light body, dark spots

·         Red spots with light-coloured halos

·         Blunt caudal fin (square-ish shape)

Oncorhynchus clarki (cutthroat salmon)

·         Red slash colouring

·         Long maxilla

·         Green back, pink side

·         Teeth on tongue (hyoid teeth)

Oncorhynchus clarki (cutthroat salmon)

·         Red slash colouring

·         Long maxilla

·         Green back, pink side

·         Teeth on tongue (hyoid teeth)

Oncorhynchus clarki (cutthroat salmon)

·         Red slash colouring

·         Long maxilla

·         Green back, pink side

·         Teeth on tongue (hyoid teeth)

Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout)

·         Shorter maxilla

·         Green back, pink side

·         No teeth

Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout)

• juvenile = parr marks bisect lateral lineno spots in tail, 8-12 rays in anal fin
• Shorter maxilla
• Green back, pink side
• No teeth

Oncorhynchus nerka (sockeye salmon)

·         Bright red, slight white colouration on belly, green head

·         Large hump

·         Females = less bright, less hump

Oncorhynchus keta (chum salmon)

·         Juveniles = Faint parr marks above lateral line

·         Splotchy purple banding along lateral line

·         dark green back and white belly

·         Large teeth

·         Large hook jaw

Oncorhynchus kisutch (coho salmon)

·         Juvenile = Parr marks narrower than interspaces

·         Olive green back, red belly

·         Extended jaw; not as pronounced in females

·         No hump

·         White gums

Oncorhynchus gorbushcha (pink salmon)

·         Juveniles = Have no parr marks

·         Large hooked upper jaw

·         olive/grey and white

·         Pink colour streaking along lateral line

·         Large dorsal hump (males)

Oncorhynchus gorbushcha (pink salmon)

·         Juveniles = Have no parr marks

·         Large hooked upper jaw

·         olive/grey and white

·         Pink colour streaking along lateral line

·         Large dorsal hump (males)

Thymallinae (grayling)

·         Sail-like dorsal fin

Coregoninae (whitefish)

·         Silver

·         Deeply forked tail

·         Slightly sub-terminal mouth

·         Large scales

·         Torpedo shape