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produced by fertilizing ponds. Often used with larval fishes that feed on plankton. There is not much control over natural food production and growth rates vary. (Low cost!)
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Definition
to feed predator species. EXPENSIVE!
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Definition
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Can be supplemental or complete diets. Often include natural products
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Term
Prepared Diets
-One of the most commonly used is the Oregon Moist Pellet
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Definition
-Problem with this diet is the moisture, unless it is stored frozen, it will dry out. This is a wet diet and will sink. Dry diets float. A semi-moist diet is easier to store but will slowly sink.
*note: Mostly used for salmonoids
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Term
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Definition
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formulated from natural ingredients (cereal grains, oil seed meals, fish meals, meat by-products, minerals, vitamin pre- mix). Ex. Oregon Moist Pellet
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Term
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Definition
often used in research. Contains some natural ingredients, but they are in a pure form (Protein = cassein, natural ingredients
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Term
Three types of Prepared Diets:
#3: Purified Diet
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Definition
| ingredients are precisely known. Includes synthetic amino acids, fatty acids, and simple sugars. Used only in research $$$ |
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Term
Engery and Growth
Metabolism |
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Definition
| Result of all chemical and energy transformations that occur in a living organism. Energy is the result of what is obtained in the food. |
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Term
Energy and Growth
Winburg (1956) thermodynamically balanced energy equation |
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Definition
QR- (QF + QN)= (QS + QL+QSDA) +QG +Qp
QR = energy of food consumed
QF= energy of fecal loss
QN= energy of non-fecal excretory nitrogenous loss
QS=energy of standard metabolism
QL= energy of locomotor (activity) cost
QSDA=energy of apparent specific dynamic action (feeding)
QG = energy of growth
Qp= energy of gamete synthesis |
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Term
Energy and Metabolism
Anabolism |
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Definition
storage of energy for growth (elaboration of tissue) and deposition.
*note: fish pig out before winter! they're trying to store fat (body cav) & glycogen (liver) -storing energy |
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Energy and Metabolism
Catabolism |
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Definition
| breakdown of storage products |
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Term
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Definition
| energy is denoted by calories. In nutrition, it is usually reported as Kilocalories- amount of heat required to raise temperature of 1kg of water by 1degree C. |
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Term
| Energy is first used for organisms for Maintenance.. |
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Definition
| amount of energy required to keep the organism from gaining or loosing weight. This varies by species, age, environmental conditions, diet, and reproductive state. |
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Energy & Growth
Food Stuffs that contain energy |
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Definition
protien= 5.65 kcal/gram
carbohydrates= 4.15 kcal/gram
lipids= 9.40 kcal/gram
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Term
| Most energy required by fish in nature is supplied by protien. In prepared diets... |
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Definition
| Protien is expensive and protein is essential for growth, so provide most of the required energy through carbohydrates. |
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Term
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Definition
- bear energy, and are required for normal growth & health
- Catalysts- needed for metabolism
- cannot be synthesized by organism
- can be produced synthetically
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Term
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Definition
B- complex
Vitamin C
(can't overdose)
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Definition
Vitamin A, D, E & K
(can underfeed & overfeed) |
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Definition
| results from feeding too many fat soluble vitamins to fish |
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Term
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Definition
| results when not enough fat soluble vitamins are fed to fish |
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Term
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Definition
| Internation Units = Standard from World Health Organization |
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Definition
| usually equals IU's (US standard) |
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Term
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Definition
| Internationl Chick Units = measurement of responses as elicited by chickens. |
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Term
| Most vitamins are very labile, meaning... |
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Definition
| easily degraded or changed to a form that is not useful |
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Definition
| used vitamin formulations. Common for channel cat & salmonoids. |
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Definition
required for life processes such as:
- development of skeletal structures
- respiration and digestion
- osmoregulation
neither created nor destroyed as a result of their functions |
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| Minerals that are majorily required.. (80% of animal content) |
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Definition
- Calcium
- Phosphorous
- Sulfur
- Sodium
- Chlorine
- Potassium
- Magnesium
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Term
| Trace minerals (specific requirements vary amoung sp & amoung the dietary source of the mineral) |
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Definition
- Iron
- Copper
- Zinc
- Manganese
- Iodine
- Cobalt
- Molybdenum
- Colenium (inhibit gamete prod)
- Flourine (only if teeth are present)
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Term
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Definition
- Formed from amino acids
- 20 known amino acids
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Term
Amino Acids
10 essential to fish and cannot be synthesized by the animal. |
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Definition
Contain C, H, O, N and sometimes S.
PVT TIM HALL
- Phenylalanine
- Valine
- Threonine
- Trytophan
- Isoleucine
- Methionine
- Arginine
- Leucine
- Lysine
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Term
The other 10 amino acids can be synthesized by using the basic 10 as precursors.
Sources for these? |
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Definition
- Soybean meal
- fish meal
- blood meal
- bone meal
- beer brewery wastes
- dried poultry litter
- egg waste
- coffee pulp
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Term
Lipids
parts of the aminal that can be extracted in a non-polar solvent. Includes: |
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Definition
- Triglycerides
- Free Fatty Acids
- Phospholipids
- Lipoprotiens
- Glycolipids
- Aliphatic Alcohols (waxes)
- Trpenes
- Steriods
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Term
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Definition
saturaturated- 0 double bonds
monounsaturated- 1 double bond
polyunsaturate- (PUFA) more than 1 double bond
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Term
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Definition
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| Lipids aren't as important as protien in diets b/c.. |
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Definition
some fish will not accept foods high in lipids
feeds will not extrude properly when made
bages can get oily
food will become rancid if not stored properly
certain lipids can produce an off-flavor in fish |
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