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| made laws public in athens |
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| form of government where power rests with a small segment of society distinguished by royalty, wealth, family ties or military control |
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| WINNER OF SPARTA VS. ATHENS? |
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| pre-socratic philospher from miletus. attempted to explain natural phenomenon without reference to mythology |
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| pre-socratic, pupil of Leuccipus who formulated the atomic theory for the cosmos |
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| teachers who specialized in using the tools of philosophy and rhetoric for the purpose of teaching "arete" - excellence or virtue |
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credited as founder of western philosophy. - honor was more important than wealth fame or superficial attributes
-subjected traditional ethic teaching to critical scrutiny
-never wrote down his thoughts (platos later on composed dialogues)
- was condemned to death |
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- Socrates most zealous disciple
- the world in which we live in is not genuine reality, but only a pale and imperfect reflection of the world
- dialogue “Republic”
-intellectual aristocracy |
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-believed that philosophers could rely on their senses to provide accurate information about the world and depend on reason to sort out mysteries
-subtle metaphysical works
-“the master of those who know” |
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founded pythagoreanism. one of greek's first mathematical thinkers.
"order from chaos" |
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| medicine, "western father of medicine", hippocratic school of medicine |
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| "father of history", collected materials systematically, tested their accuracy |
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| author of "history of peloponnesian war". father of "scientific history" |
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| CHARACTERISTICS OF CIVILIZATION |
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1) developed writing
2) built cities
3) states with boundaries – government
4) organized religion
5) complex life called for construction of temples, palaces, monuments, roads etc |
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1) Tigris-Euphrates Rives Valley
2) Nile River Valley
3) Indus River Valley
4) Yellow River Valley |
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Invented earliest knowing writing: cuneiform writing
Civilization was a theocracy (priest-king)
Use of irrigation
Mathematics based on number 60
Constructed ziggurats (large temple towers) |
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| Semi-nomadic people who conquered Mesopotamia under Sargon the Great. Established the first empire in history. Lived in N. Mesopotamia and conquered S. Mesopotamia 2300 BC |
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| Also called Amorites, Invaded Akkadian land and captured several cities, including Babylon in 2000 BC. |
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| sixth Amorite king – united the entire area and established the first Babylonian empire. He was the first notable lawgiver: Hammurabi Code. |
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| Warlike, nomadic Indo_European people: Settled in Asia Minor about 2000 BC. Hittite Empire (1400 – 1200) covered most of Asia minor and Syria and northern Mesopotamia. Invented Iron smelting in 1400 BC (changed warfare). Introduced the horse and light iron chariots into warfare. |
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| People who found themselves constantly attached and dominated. Decided to fight back. Either conquer or be destroyed. Their army was the first totally equipped with iron weapons. Used terror over their enemies. Capital: Ninevah |
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| Originally conquered by the Assyrians. Conqured Assyrians in 612 BC. King Nebuchadnezzar *605-562) BC. Conqured most of Middle East. Including Jerusalem. Hanging Gardens of Babylon. |
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Indo-European tribes
Persian empire established by Cyrus the Great (550 – 529 BC)
Greatest achievement of Persian was an effective world government |
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Semitic people: branch of Canaanites.
Became the first explores, traders and colonizers of the ancient world. Lebanon.
Invented the alphabet. |
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Mixed Asiatic people (Asia Minor. Height of kingdom was under King Croesus (560 – 546 BC)
Invented coined money in use by 700BC. |
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| Semitic people-lived in Mesopotamia-led by Abraham from Ur to Canaan (Palestine) 2000 BC. Pastoral nomads looking for pasture for sheep. Some tribes wandered into Egypt (1650 BC) and put into bondage. Moses: true founder of the nation. 1250 BC led people out of Egypt (exodus) Ten Commandments. |
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| First female ruler in history |
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| worshipped aton,"sun god" |
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| Pharaoh of the Hebrew Exodus |
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