Indian Removal Act

• law passed by Andrew Jackson
• provided for the movement of virtually all American Indians east of the Mississippi River to lands in the Great American Desert(West)

• God planned for us to have all of the land between the Atlantic and Pacific. God's will.

• was designed to put Western indian tribes on agricultural reservations
• trying to lessen the danger of the emigrants

• leaving one place to go to another

• movement of people form place to place

• wanted to further control and to assimilate Native Americans of the West into white culture
• breaks up the reservation and givess some of the land to individual N.A.s
• 160 acres to each head of household
• 80 to an unmarried adult
• remainder of the land was sold to settlers

• to blend people into your culture (americanize in this case)

Agency Indians

• the native americans who accepted life on the reservation

• the indians who refused to live on reservations
• ex: Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse(Sioux chiefs)
• most either killed, captured, or forced onto reservations

Buffalo

• uses
• population increase or decrease?
• why?

• N.A. used buffalo for food, clothes, weapons/tools, and shelter
• 1800= 65 million buffalo in the plains

      1890= fewer than 1000 buffalo on plains

• white hunters and travelers wiped them out for food, but mostly as a sport

Massacre at Sand Creek

• 1864
• 150 women and children of cheyenne tribe were killed by federal troops

• Great Plains
• conflicts between settlers and indians
• gov't closed trail and puts N.A.s on reservations
• Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse refuse. conflict continues

• 1875
• 6 years of raids by N.A.s on settlers
• federal troops came in and destroyed indians, homes, and villages
• women and children spared

• aka Battle of Little Big Horn
• 1876
• ordered to go after Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, and Hostile indians
• ended up being vice versa

• 1890
• Southern South Dakota
• N.A. defeated by federal gov't and "surrenders"

Cattle Industry

• open range, branding cattle, and sending out into open field
• Joseph Glidden created barbed wire fences which creates the Enclosure Movement
• forces people off land and to move to cities and work in industrial jobs

Nationalism

• pride/loyalty/patriotism
• separatism
• the desire to have a nation free from foreign control

• result of imperialsim
• result of Latin american countries gain independence
• european powers begin to turn their attention to Africa and Southeast Asia for control

• aka Empire Building
• 1st cousin to colonization
• govt acquiring other govts or territories, or the economic/cultural power over other nations or territories(often by force)
• policy extending a nation's authority over other areas of the world
• one country's domination of the social, economic, and political life off another country or area

Difference b/t Imperialism and Colonization

• time and place(when and where)

Ways to Gain Control

• military force- Empire Building(industrial) vs. lesser country(agricultural)
• purchase- economic
• treaty- negotiate

Ways to Maintain Control

• colonies
• sphere of influence
• protectorate

• a permanent settlement formed by a country in a distant land and it remains under control of the mother country

Protectorate

• a country that is protected but is also partially controlled, especially in foreign and economic affairs, by another country

• territory in whice a foreign power holds exclusive investment or trading rights
• (like U.S in Middle East)

• Nationalism(Glory)- competition "Keeping up with the Jones'"
• Economics(Gold)- industrialization, natural resourses from colonies provided mother country with raw materials for factory and new market to sell goods. increases investments and trade for mother country
• Racial and cultural Superiority(God)- social Darwinism(theory of evolution), survival of the fittest. idea of social hierarchy. whiter the skin the more superior.- gave Europeans and Americans feeling of superiority

White Man's Burden

• Rudyard Kipling
• outlines the idea that it is our burden(duty) to civilize the lesser breeds(blacks, browns, reds, and yellows of the world)
• includes missionary work(Christianize nonbelievers)

• growth of the nation- expanding across continent. public lands now for sale, new lands continually opened. needed internal transportation system for defense(railroads) expanding industrially
• internal conflicts- conflicts between north and south(Civil War)

Monroe Doctrine

• James Monroe(1823)
• idea that Western Hemisphere was no longer open to European colonization
• US would not interfere in purely European affairs, and the Europeans were not to interfere in affairs of existing Western Hemisphere nations
• Bark with no Bite!

• Hawaii- 1820- missionaries go to Hawaii. merchants trading. 1850- nearly all ships calling on Hawaii were American. Some American's moved there and established sugar cane plantations. sugar became one of the main products traded in hawaii. (other is pineapple)

Treaty with Hawaii

• Hawaiian govt agreed not to make any territorial successions to any foreign nation.
• Hawaii granted US naval base at Pearl Harbor
• US allowed Hawaii to import sugar tax-free

• 1890
• eliminates free tariff Hawaii had on sugar imports
• hurts Hawaiian sugar business causes revolt

Annex

• to add on
• to make an addition to

Japan and Matthew Perry

• Japanese were reclusive until about 1900s. isolated for centuries. no outside world connections
• Matthew Perry was the commodor of US Navy. wants to talk to emperor. finally gets through and gets to talk.
• we want them to open up trade with us. trade or WAR. so they agree. Japan will adapt Western culture. not China and Korea(industrialize)

General Weyler

• "The Butcher"
• Spanish general
• advocated putting Cubans in concentrations camps
• brutal

• cuban nationalist rebels resorted to Guerilla
• also sabatoge, and burning up sugar cane fields owned by US businessmen to get the attention of US citizens 

• Yellow Press-group of newspapers that exaggerated the news to sell more papers. made it appear the Weyler's troops were raping and massacring the Cubans.
• DeLome Letters- Spanish Foreign Minister to US wrote letters to a friend. eventually stolen and Hearst published them in paper. said Spain should appear to make concessions to US but not mean it and called McKinley weak and spine-less politician
• USS Maine- 260 US soldiers died. spain blamed US and said it was internal, US blamed Spain saying it was external by them.

Two Yellow Press Papers during Spanish-Cuban-American War

• William Randolph Hearst- New York Journal
• John Pulitzer- New York World

• "Remember the Maine, to Hell With Spain!"

• aggressive, war-like attitude or policy

1. Cuba is independent
2. Spain should withdraw
3. President is authorized to use force
4. US will not annex Cuba
5. Spain will pay Cuban debts. US control Cuba until they form own gov't

Battle of San Juan Hill

• becomes famous battle. really insignificant
• Rough riders and TR

Treaty with Spain

• Treaty of Paris 1899- Spain has a to give up Cuba, has to pay Cuban debt, Cuban independence, US occupy Cuba until own form of govt, pay for colonies from Spain. Philippines is our colony until 1918. keep military bases there until 1918. Gain Guam, island in Pacific. helped in WWII. Also get Puerto Rico. still one of our territories.

• establishes taht US is protectorate for Cuba. could not go into debt.
• US had right to intervene in Cuba if independence was in question/jeapordy.
• maintains control of Guantanamo Bay. in effect until early 30's

• center around ethnicity
• your ethnic group/cultural group superior to others and judge others by your own cultural standards
• Chinese thought anyone who was not Chinese was barbaric
• believed Europeans were white, ugly, hary people
• ex:Chinese proud of culture and arrogant

• fear of outsiders(those who are not like you)

• Ruling Family

• US see Philippines as a gateway to rest of Asia
• China was economically beneficial with vast market (lots of people)
• France, Germany, Britain, Japan, and Russia all had established settlements in China
• all want to control mining and railway industries
• US feared competition might limit access to China

• issued by Sec. of State John Hay
• open access to China's coastal ports
• elimination of special trading interest/rights for others
• maintaining Chinese independence
• stays in plays until after WWII

• society known as the Boxers staged an attack on the Western foreigners, especially Christian missionaries.
• felt that they were destroying Chinese culture
• hundreds died
• killed many Chinese Christian converts as well
• meant to drive out the so-called "foreign devils" from China
• put down by combined forces of Russia, France, Britain, Germany, and Japan who were all lead by US

• sets stage for second set of Open door notes
• strengthens first set
• US establishes first justification for action in area
• recognize to grow econimically we need foreign ports and that selling American products overseas, was necessary to our survival as nation
• we declare we can use force to keep these markets open

1. Develop a modern fleet to protect US shipping
2. establish Naval bases in the Caribbean
3. construct a canal across the Isthmus of Panama
4. acquire Hawaii and other Pacific Island

• narrow strip of land connecting two larger areas of land

• after War of 1812=ISOLATIONISM

The Jungle

• Upton Sinclair
• describes the terrible conditions in the meat packing industry
• reason TR created Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act

1. Neolithic Revolution(Agricultural)- gain stability, become agrarian
2. Industrial Revolution- tools to machine, rural to urban, farm to factory, monarchy to democracy, feudal system to social mobility, class by birth to talent/ability(determination), ecclesiastical(religion) to secular(worldly), trade to monetary, domestic system to factory system. advent of blue and white collar workers(brawn vs. brains).
3. High-tech(Age of Information)- nuclear, laser, high speed computer, space travel, satellite, mental capacity

• people who live and work the land

• political and religious leaderships were the same

Advent

• the beginning of...

• we have gained more knowledge in the last 50 years than all the knowledge gained in the preceeding 2,000 years.

• philosophical movement
• based on scientific truth
• human ability to think and reason religious toleration
• gov'ts free from tyranny

• "Slater the Trater" 
• from England
• thought that a machine that spun raw cotton into fabric would do well in America
• constructed a mill
• 9 children worked machine
• disguised self as farm boy and memorized blueprints for America

• set up first modern factory(all under one roof) in human history
• thought it was most practical way of doing things
• bought canal and created big mill with lots of power(from water)

• invented interchangable parts
• benefits- quick and easy repairs(unskilled labor), made mass production possible

Textiles

• cloth
• first industrialized

struggle

• unskilled, factory labor
• very many workers
• more workers than jobs
• wages low
• job insecurity high
• long hours
• poor working conditions
• many workers immigrants
• no day's off at all

Trust

• large corporations
• formed monopolies, made it difficult for smaller companies to compete
• large company sought control of all aspects of the market in a particular industry, from collections of raw materials to selling finished products
• eliminated competition by buying out smaller companies

• applied to the business world used to justify big corporate takeovers
• "survival of the fittest"
• Charles Darwin-The Origin of Species- expresses idea of natural selection. big companies could "squeeze out" smaller ones

Robber barons

• certain leading American businessmen of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
• aquired wealth by means more often foul than fair(using ruthless business practices)
• ex: John Rockefeller-standard oil, Andrew Carnegie- carnegie steel, J.P. Morgan- US steel

• "let it be"
• gov't should stay out of business affairs and allow things in the economy to work things out themselves
• self-regulation vs. gov't control
• view of limited gov't(appealed many Americans)

• slow start for organized labor
• known as communists at first(bad)
• groups that felt the need for collective bargaining

• groups together going to complain to boss
• hard for an individual worker to bargain with employers

• if workers tried to start a union, the were put on a "do not employ" list
• list given to other industries, couldn't get another job

• skilled workers had more influence
• harder to replace than non-skilled workers
• ex: RR engineers, machinist, carpenters

• took in all others, unskilled workers, no influence, could easily be replaced(dime a dozen)
• very little bargaining power

Knights of Labor

• ex of a labor union
• established a federation of Labor unions
• took in any type of worker

• headed by Samuel Gompers
• series of labor riots resulted from strikes
• turned general public against labor unions
• Labor Unions against idea of capitalism or free-enterprise and were seen as being more socialist(economists)
• workers hired in place of strikers=scabs!(hired strike breakers)

Urbanization

• the growth of cities
• rapid growth of cities from 1865-1910
• mostly in western part of country
• east previously developed
• except Bham!

• immigration
• rural migration
• caused crowding in cities, not decent housing, population increases

• large corporations are involved in farming (Dole, Kraft, Barbers)

Birmingham growing facts

• "Magic City"
• founded by Powell brothers
• last foothill of Appalachian Mountains
• Jones valley- used to be RR-X-ing
• iron ore in Red Mtn., coal, rivers, and steams, limestone
• steel production
• "Pittsburg of the south"
• named after industrial town in England
• now service industry
• no longer manufacturing city
• UAB employs most

• outlawed trusts, but was difficult to enforce
• TR activated law

• someone who supports something (patronage supporting the arts)

• controlled by a boss
• group that controlled a political party
• gave voters services they needed, machine won their votes and controlled city gov't
• city boss controlled whole machine and city gov't

• using your political office for your own benefit of game(abusing office)

• gets them to work for more, so he gets that extra money off the top
• Tweed Ring- one of most famous examples, Boss Tweed's group of gov't officials

• presidents giving jobs to loyal party workers even if they were not qualified for the job
• others use position to get money

• give gov't jobs based on merit, not politics. helped reform civil service
• Civil Service Test- created to take out patronage

• process in which companies bought out the suppliers, coal fields, iron mines, ore freighters, and railroad lines in order to control raw materials and transportation systems as well as selling of final products

• companies producing similar products merge

• less gov't control
• creates inequality of income
• private ownership of natural resources and capital goods
• private property is widespread
• driven by profits
• prices and wages determined by supply and demand and competition
• known as free enterprise
• individuals make economic decisions
• ex: healthcare is expensive and unavailable to some- private healthcare- high quality
• ex: US, Japan

• middle gov't control
• gov't owns most of the means of production and distribution
• use gov't to create equality in economics
• some private industry but heavily regulated by gov't
• gov't and individuals shared economic decision making
• ex: go to a gov't doctor as healthcare is gov't fun. affordable health care for most.
• ex: Australia, Canada, Sweden, U.K., France

• more gov't control 
• one party rule
• gov't ownership of all means of production
• centralized planning by authorities
• little to no private property
• supposed to create economic for all
• ex: gov't provide healthcare quality
• ex: North Korea, Cuba

• reform movement of late 19th and early 20th centuries
• drew strength from urban middle class

Foster

• to bring about

• promote social welfare
• bring about political and economic reform
• promote moral reform
• bring about more efficiency in industry and gov't

How the Other Half Lives

• Jacob Riis
• muckraker
• expose bad living conditions of poor workers

• expose bad things for us.
• made us want to change
• today would be called "investigative reporters"

• Teddy
• Taft
• Wilson

• "Fighting Bob"
• Wisconsin
• supported reforms to eliminated corruption of the political bosses and the abuses of business interest

• Clayton Anti-Trust Act- strengthens Sherman Antitrust, workers rights laws
• Federal Trade Commission- investigate unfair business practices
• Federal Reserve System- determined rate at which banks can loan money

• freed blacks called freedmen
• illegal discrimination
• blacks 2nd class citizens at best
• leaders of AA community want to make it right and just for them
• able to make and appointment with TR
• a progressive limitation
• not addressed for a long time
• not until 50s and 60s

• anti-saloon league- mostly Protestant Christian women, wanted to get rid of alcoholism in saloons
• Carrie Nation- runs into saloons with hatchet to scare drunks
• didn't pass until 20s
• alcohol completely banned in US for 12 years
• gangs began to smuggle alcohol

• allows certain percentage of the population in an area, usually 10%
• to initiate- to propose a law(bill) by petition and then have it voted on by legislature or by people for approval
• anyone can propose a law

• idea that a bill is sent to the people for a vote
• ex: MAPS project, Cahaba Heights, lottery

• was to make public officials more responsive to the people's will
• allows by a % of the people(usually 25%) by petition to remove an officeholder before the expiration of the term for which he has been elected or appointed
• ex: Grey Davis-> Arnold Schwar... takes place

Direct Primary

• was first used in Wisconsin in 1903 during La Follette's governorship.
• this is where the votes directly nominate a candidate for public office through a special popular election

• provides direct election of US Senators, instead of state legislatures appointing these as had been done in the past
• on again puts politics more in the hands of the people

• allow's for women's suffrage
• passed in 1920
• Susan B Anthony proposed an amendment in 1869
• 9 years later it was introduced into Congress
• stayed there for more than forty years
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton was also instrumental in gaining women the right to vote(suffrage)

• secret vote(allowing democracy)
• people do not know who you voted for

1. regulate hours and wages of workers
2. restrict type and amount of labor performed by women and children
3. provided workman's compensation
4. granted public aid to widowed or deserted mothers with dependent children and provided assistance to the needy or aged
5. also set health and safety standards for industry

• Jane Adam's Hull House in Chicago
• established to provide variety of educational, leisure, recreational, medical, and other services, to congested urban communities
• slum clearance was also employed
• english language classes
• art and typing classes
• health and hygeine

• 1914
• tax is based on how much you make
• $4000 a year in 1914 you pay 1%
• $500,000 a year in 1914 you pay 6%
• now highest is ~40%

• want to change now. don't care what form
• extremely liberal
• left-wing radical
• "leftist"

• promote change
• open to new ideas
• ex: no death penalty, abortion(pro-choice)

• go back to old ways
• extreme conservative
• ultra conservative

• more traditional
• like to maintain "status quo"
• not open to new ideas
• resist change
• pro-death penalty
• pro-life

TR background

• talents
• college
• reputation
• accomplishments

• hunting, writing, speaking
• Harvard
• honesty, compassion, dedication
• Assistant Secretary of Navy, leader of the Rough Riders, Governor of New York

TRs Blueprint for reform

• greater gov't control of big businesses
• enhance Civil Service Test
• greater regulation of Interstate Commerce Commission
• promoted conservation of natural resources
• more vigorous foreign policy
• promoted constructing of Panama Canal

• first time federal gov't got involved in strikes
• first time US gov't got involved in solving foreign disputes
• ex: Coal Strike- TR negotiated an end to the worker's strike. typical workers were pushing for higher wages, less hours, better conditions.
• ex: Reagan got involved in air-traffic controllers strikes. they control traffic in skies. fired them all and hired new ones.
• ex: Bush got involved in dock workers strike. in california, dealing with cargo and shipping. they wouldn't unload them

• TR beleived in a "square deal" for everyone, not less and no more
• this was to be a fair set of reforms for all americans
• such as... labor/working class, rising middle class, capitalists(controlled industry), farmers, consumers