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| Developed the first map that had inaccurate continent sizes; equator put about 20 degrees further north than today's map |
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| Developed a more accurate map to replace Mercator's in 1974 |
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| developed the most recent map where continents are much closer to scale; continents elongated |
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| What are the three elements required to allow humans to become agriculture? |
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Definition
1) efficient water supply
2) fertile soil
3) good climate |
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| What are the core civilizations in the eastern hemisphere (Oldest to newest): |
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Definition
• Tigris - Euphrates rivers by Mesopotamia
• Nile river in Egypt
• Indus and Gangus by India
• Huang He river and Yangtze rivers of China
• Eastern Mediterranean by 1850 BCE |
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| What areas make up "afro-eurasia"? |
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| Describe three areas of the "The Great Arid Zone" |
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• Hyper Arid - desert
• Arid - very dry land
• Semi-arid - prairie steppe land |
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| The way of life a society or group of people share. It is the customs, ideas, attitudes, institutions, and material goods shared by a society. |
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A relatively large population occupying an extended territory and sharing a common culture; the way we organize our society;
-*We must be very careful to NOT define it in terms of intelligence or creative potential of a people OR in terms of humanistic or moral/spiritual values of a group of people |
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| a prehistoric era distinguished y the development of the first stone tools. It extends from 2.5 or 2.6 million years ago until the discovery of agriculture around 10,000 BCE |
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Definition
(New Stone age) was a period in development of human technology beginning about 10,000 BCE, with the rise of farming, which produced the "Agricultural Revolution" and ending when metal tools were discovered.
- It became more necessary to make pots
- Many adults were farmers
- Some turned to making pottery
- *Agrarian society contrasts especially with modern industrial society |
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| Describe the social hierarchy. |
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Definition
- Aristocracy: The rich, royalty, high ranking priests, landlords, generals, merchants (Less than 1%)
- Middle Class: scribes, translators, scientists, small scale merchants, farmers, craftsmen, people with skill and low and middle ranking officials
- "The Masses": all others |
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| What benefits did cities bring to civilization? |
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Definition
| Cities were the heart of commercialization, religious activities/ceremonies, government, education, and innovation |
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| Order of hard metal technology? |
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| Order of the writing systems: |
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Definition
• Cuneiform (wedge - shaped script) Hieroglyphic
• Hieroglyphics in Egypt
• Phoenician alphabet - 1400BCE |
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| What Greek god was responsible for the rising and setting of the sun? |
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| What was the difference between the Pharaoh and the rulers of Mesopotamia? |
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| The Pharaoh sold the idea that he was sent by god because he could predict the Nile river, where as the Euphrates was unpredictable. |
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○ Nile river and silt
○ River shapes style of civilization and beliefs in life and after life (it was also predictable)
○ Because river cycle was predictable, the Pharaoh would get more credibility
○ Gods that are divine are good gods; when river dried, silt would be provided |
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| What were Two obstacles prevented modern scholars from learning very much from the Harappan sites? |
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Definition
- Ground water made it impossible to dig to the bottom
- No one can read the ancient writing that used at Harappa and Mohenjo - Daro
- No single leader could efficiently rule
- Politically, Egypt unified |
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| What were some attributes to the decline of the Indus Valley civilization? |
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Definition
a. Salinization: the water in irrigation turns salty
b. Deforestation: trees around the area were cut for multiple purposes
c. Earthquakes: very common for every few years
d. Aryan invasion (1700 - 1000 BCE)
a. "Indo-European" speaking people |
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Definition
| you have upward mobility, as opposed to the class system where you are born into a group |
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| Pontic; home of the Aryans |
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| 1. Why did Chinese civilization arrive so late? |
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Definition
○ Chinese were cut off from everyone else; you could either reach by land (passed Himalayas) or the sea route (also long way around)
○ Not very many settlements on the way
○ The only way some of the ideas reached China was through the steppe land, the land of Nomadic people, who were not fond of visitors
§ Horses, wheels, some tools were introduced to China |
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| What were some issues with the Yellow river? |
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Definition
§ Unpredictable
Levee banks at Kaifeng built to overcome flooding prone to the Yellow River |
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| Two tendencies of the early Chinese civilization: |
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Definition
a. Strong management
b. Hard life
i. Flooding rivers
ii. You must work VERY hard to reach certain economic goals |
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| Name three prominent dynasties in China. |
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Definition
a. Shang dynasty (1766 -1122bce)
- Somewhere after this was a mythical "Xia" dynasty
b. Western Zhou (1127 - 771bce)
c. Eastern Zhou (771 - 256bce)
- China had FEUDAL states; unlike Western feudal states
- Too expensive to get plows, so they used stones |
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| 5. Some major developments in early Chinese civilization: |
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Definition
a. Spread of civilization to Yangzi river:
i. Shang dynasty focused around Yellow River, spread to Yangtze river because of population and trade
b. Chinese language
i. Chinese writing was divided into: pictographic, Ideographic, and Logographic =phonetic
c. Government
i. "Mandate of Heaven" |
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i. Philosopher that sparked a new way of life
ii. Idea was to bring harmony to society |
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| How was the Chinese language divided up? |
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Definition
| pictographic, Ideographic, and Logographic =phonetic |
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