Term
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Definition
| the science that deals with the origin , nature, chemistry, effects, and uses of drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of substances, such as alcohol or drugs, to the extent that a person develops a physical or psychological need for it. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability or tendency of an organism or a cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The semipermeable membrane that encloses the cytoplasm of a cell. |
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Term
| WHAT ARE IONS (SODIUM, POTASSIUM)? |
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Definition
| An atom or group of atoms that acquires an electrical charge by the gain or loss of electrons. |
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Term
| WHAT ARE PROTEIN CHANNELS? |
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Definition
| a watery pathway through the interstices of a protein molecule by which ions and small molecules can cross a membrane into or out of a cell by diffusion. |
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Term
| WHAT ARE SODIUM/POTASSIUM PUMPS? |
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Definition
| the mechanism of active transport, driven by hydrolysis of ATP, by which sodium (Na+) is extruded from a cell and potassium (K+) is brought in, so as to maintain gradients of these ions across the cell membrane. |
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Term
| WHAT ARE MEMBRANE POTENTIALS/VOLTAGES? |
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Definition
| The potential inside a cell membrane measured relative to the fluid just outside; it is negative under resting conditions and becomes positive during an action potential. |
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Term
| HOW DOES AN ACTION POTENTIAL OCCUR? |
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Definition
| An action potential occurs when a neuron sends information down an axon, away from the cell body. |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF A NEURON/NERVE CELL? |
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Definition
| the cell body, dendrites, an axon, |
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Term
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Definition
| The myelin sheath is an insulating layer of fatty tissue that protects the neurons of the body from electrical activity. The myelin sheath helps conduct nerve signals along the neuron. |
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Term
| HOW DOES MYELIN HELP THE NERVE CELL? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF A SYNAPSE? |
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Definition
The presynaptic ending that contains neurotransmitters
The synaptic cleft between the two nerve cells
The postsynaptic ending that contains receptor sites |
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Term
| WHAT ARE NEUROTRANSMITTERS? |
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Definition
| Chemical substance that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse |
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Term
| HOW DOES A CHEMICAL SYNAPSE GET INFO FROM ONE NERVE CELL TO THE NEXT? |
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Definition
| An electrical impulse travels down the axon of a neuron, and then triggers the release of neurotransmitters. These chemical messengers cross the synaptic cleft and connect with receptor sites in the next nerve cell, triggering an electrical impulse known as an action potential. |
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Term
| ARE THERE DIFFERENT KINGS OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS? EXPLAIN. |
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Definition
| biogenic amine neurotransmitters, peptide neurotransmitters, and amino acid neurotransmitters. |
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Term
| ARE THERE DIFFERENT KINDS OF NEUROTRANSMITTER RECEPTORS? EXPLAIN. |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT IS THE BRAIN STEM OF THE CNS GENERALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR? |
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Definition
| Controls simple reflexes, such as coughing, sneezing and digestion |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE THALAMUS OF THE CNS GENERALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR? |
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Definition
| Its function includes relaying sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, along with the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness. |
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Term
| WHAT DOES THE CEREBELLUM GENERALLY DO IN THE CNS? |
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Definition
| controls posture, movement and the sense of balance |
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Term
| WHAT DOES THE BASAL GANGLIA / BASAL NUCLEI GENRERALY DO IN THE CNS? |
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Definition
| a group of nuclei of varied origin in the brains of vertebrates that act as a cohesive functional unit. They are situated at the base of the forebrain and are strongly connected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and other brain areas. The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions, including voluntary motor control, procedural learning relating to routine behaviors or "habits" such as bruxism, eye movements, and cognitive,[1] emotional functions. |
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Term
| WHAT DOES THE LIMBIC SYSTEM DO FOR THE CNS? |
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Definition
| The limbic system is a complex set of structures that lies on both sides of the thalamus, just under the cerebrum. It includes the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, the amygdala, and several other nearby areas. It appears to be primarily responsible for our emotional life, and has a lot to do with the formation of memories. |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE DOPAMINERGENIC PATHWAY? |
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Definition
| Dopaminergic pathways are neural pathways in the brain which transmit the neurotransmitter dopamine from one region of the brain to another. |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE NORADRENERGIC PATHWAY? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT IS THE SEROTINERGICV PATHWAY? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT IS THE GABANERGIC PATHWAY? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT IS MEANT BY THE REWARD/REINFORCEMENT PATHWAY? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT ARE SOME OF THE BRAIN COMPONENTS THAT ARE PART OF THE REWARD/REINFORCEMENT? |
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Definition
| Nucleus Accumbens, Amygdala, Hippocampus, VTA |
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Term
| WHY WOULD THE BRAIN HAVE A REGION TO REWARD AND REINFORCEMENT? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT TWO NEUROTRANSMITTERS SEEM TO PLAY THE BIGGEST ROLE IN JUST NORMAL CONTROL OF THE CNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT TYPES OF ALCOHOL ARE THERE? |
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Definition
Ethyl Alcohol – main component of alcoholic beverages
Methyl Alcohol – toxic industrial solvent
Isopropyl Alcohol – shaving lotion, antifreeze, antiseptics
Butyl Alcohol – used in industrial processes |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE PROCESS THAT PRODUCES ALCOHOL FROM YEAST? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
acids, aldehydes, esters, ketones, phenols, and tannins.
contribute to the distinctive tastes, aromas, and colors of the various beverages.
Beer and vodka – low concentrations
Whiskeys and Brandy – high concentrations
contribute to severity of hangover and other toxic problems. |
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Term
| WHERE DOES ABSORPTION OF ALCOHOL TAKE PLACE? |
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Definition
Absorption takes place at several places along the Gastro-Intestinal system.
Stomach, Small Intestines, and Colon
In men 10% to 20% of alcohol is absorbed in the stomach, while in women this is very little absorption by the stomach.
Majority of absorption takes place in the small intestines (capillaries).
Women have higher blood alcohol concentrations than men (30%). Feel the effects faster and more intensely. |
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Term
| ARE MALES AND FEMALES AFFECTED AT EQUAL RATES? |
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Definition
Women have higher blood alcohol concentrations than men (30%). Feel the effects faster and more intensely.
Women have a lower % of body water than men (less to dilute the alcohol)
Women have less ADH, so less metabolism of alcohol.
Hormones levels during menstruation (absorb more during premenstrual period)
Thus, ALCOHOL USE CAUSES GREATER PHYSICAL DAMAGE TO WOMEN THAN MEN (50% TO 100% GREATER THAN MEN) |
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Term
| WHY ARE WE WORRIED ABOUT ABSORPTION OF ALCOHOL? |
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Definition
We do not want to have the alcohol molecule to interact with the nervous system (toxic).
The body wants to maximize metabolism to eliminate alcohol.
The highest levels of blood alcohol concentration occur 30 to 90 minutes after drinking.
How quickly the psychological/neurological effects are felt depends on absorption rates into the blood stream. |
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Term
| HOW IS ALCOHOL METABOLIZED? |
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Definition
Alcohol is a toxin
Approximately 2% to 10% of alcohol is eliminated without being metabolized (exhaled, sweat, saliva, urine)
90% to 98% of alcohol is metabolized (oxidized) by the liver and then excreted through the kidneys and the lungs. |
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Term
| WHAT DOES ALCOHOL AFFECT IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM? |
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Definition
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Term
| DOES ALCOHOL AFFECT THE DEVELOPMENT CHILD? HOW? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT DOES ALCOHOL DO TO THE LIVER? HOW? |
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Definition
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Term
| DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF TOLERANCE? |
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Definition
Dispositional – speeds up breakdown
Pharmacodynamic – nerve cells change their sensitivity by up- regulation, down-regulation, ect.
Behavioral – brain compensation
Reverse – increase in sensitivity |
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Term
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Definition
“The bodies attempt to rebalance itself after cessation of prolonged use of a substance.”
Non-purposive – physical signs of the body trying to return to its “set points”
Purposive – with purpose, manipulative?.
Protracted – environmental triggers & cues, flashbacks
Reverse – increase in sensitivity |
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Term
| WHAT IS HAPPENING AT THE NERVE CELL LEVEL DURING WITHDRAWAL? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT IS CAFFEINE AND WHERE IS IT FOUND? |
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Definition
Caffeine is an alkaloid of the chemical class xanthines
Found in over 60 different plant species
Coffee (Coffea Arabica)
Tea (thea sinensis)
Chocolate (theobroma cacao)
Cola drinks (cola nitida)
Tea leaves have a higher percentage of caffeine than coffee
Can be used orally, intravenously, intramuscularly, or rectally
Half-life of caffeine in the body is 3 to 7 hrs. |
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Term
| HOW DOES CAFFEINE AFFECT WHAT THE NERVE CELL IS DOING? THINK RECEPTORS. |
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Definition
Caffeine inhibits the activity of adenosine
Adenosine is a neuromodulator that normally alters/inhibits communication between neurons. |
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Term
| WHAT DOES ADENOSINE NORMALLY DO IN THE BODY? |
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Definition
Caffeine inhibits the activity of adenosine
Adenosine is a neuromodulator that normally alters/inhibits communication between neurons. |
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Term
| WHAT SYMPTOMS OR EFFECTS DOES CAFFEINE HAVE ON DIFFERNT BODY FUNCTIONS? |
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Definition
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Term
| CAN YOU DEVELOP A TOLERANCE TO CAFFEINE? EXPLAIN. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
The crucial ingredient in tobacco (2% to 5% per tobacco leaf)
Nicotiana tabacum: bitter, smelly, colorless, & highly poisonous alkaloid
Smoking gets nicotine to the CNS in 5 to 8 secs. (chewing: 3 to 8 mins.)
Average cigarette has 10 mg of nicotine, but delivers only 3 mg of that to the lungs (chew: will deliver ~4.5 mg)
First smoke of the day raises heart rate by an average of 10 to 20 beats per minute and raise blood pressure 10 points. |
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Term
| CAN YOU DEVELOP A TOLERANCE TO NICOTINE? EXPLAIN. |
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Definition
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Term
| HOW DOES NICOTINE WORK IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM? |
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Definition
1. When nicotine acts, it causes adrenaline to be released into your body. Adrenalin works in the "fight or flight" system of the body, a.k.a. the sympathetic nervous system.
2. Nicotine is a vasoconstrictor
3. Appetite suppressors
4. Increases the amount of low-density lipoproteins, LDL,
5. The acetylcholine receptors mentioned previously are located in a pathway in the brain known as the "reward center".
6. When nicotine stimulates the neurons in the reward center, the neurons release dopamine. Dopamine reinforces activities that are essential for survival, like eating, sleeping, and now smoking,
7. Release of acetylcholine also causes neurons in other parts of the brain to release glutamate, which is involved in developing memories. |
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Term
| CAN YOU DEVELOP OR SHOW SIGNS OF WITHDRAWAL FROM NICOTINE? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT OTHER EFECTS DOES SMOKING HAVE ON THE BODY? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT ARE SOME OF THE BIOLOGICAL COKMPONENTS OF DEPRESSION? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE GENERAL CATEGORIES FOR THE COMMON ANTIDEPRESSANTS? |
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Definition
SSRI's selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
SNRI's serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors |
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Term
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Definition
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) include Emsam, Marplan, Nardil, and Parnate. These drugs seem to work a little differently. Monoamine oxidase is a natural enzyme that breaks down serotonin, epinephrine, and dopamine. MAOIs block the effects of this enzyme. As a result, the levels of those neurotransmitters might get a boost.
The downside is that MAOIs also block the effects of other important enzymes -- and that can lead to side effects. MAOIs can cause serious interactions with other drugs and foods with the chemical tyramine, like aged cheese and wine |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE SIDE EFFECTS OF SSRI'S? |
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Definition
Anxiety
Constipation
A decreased sex drive (libido)
Diarrhea or loose stools
Dizziness
Drowsiness
Dry mouth
Ejaculation problems
Fatigue
Female orgasm problems
Headaches
Impotence
Increased sweating
Indigestion
Insomnia
Loss of appetite
Nausea
Nervousness
Shakiness (tremor)
Weakness
Yawning. |
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Term
| WHAT IS SEROTONIN SYNDROME? |
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Definition
| Serotonin Syndrome is a potentially life-threatening condition that is caused by elevated serotonin concentrations in a person's system. This condition may be brought on by the use of "serotonergic" drug |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SNRI'S AND NDRI'S? |
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Definition
SNRI stands for serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. SNRIs prevent the reabsorption of both serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain. This allows for enhanced neurotransmission and in turn, improves mood and reduces depressive symptoms. Common brands are Effexor (venlafaxine) and Cymbalta (duloxetine).
NDRI stands for norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors. NDRIs stop the reabsorption of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain. This causes increased effectiveness of the neurotransmitters and elevates mood. NDRIs should not be taken at the same time as any MAOIs or as Zyban. The most common brand of NDRI is Wellbutrin (bupropion) |
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Term
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Definition
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) include Emsam, Marplan, Nardil, and Parnate. These drugs seem to work a little differently. Monoamine oxidase is a natural enzyme that breaks down serotonin, epinephrine, and dopamine. MAOIs block the effects of this enzyme. As a result, the levels of those neurotransmitters might get a boost.
The downside is that MAOIs also block the effects of other important enzymes -- and that can lead to side effects. MAOIs can cause serious interactions with other drugs and foods with the chemical tyramine, like aged cheese and wine |
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Term
| WHAT ARE SOME COMMON TRICYLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS AND HOW DO THEY WORK? |
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Definition
| Tetracyclics are another class of antidepressant with drugs such as Asendin, Ludiomil, Mazanor, and Remeron. Although it affects neurotransmitters, Remeron doesn't prevent reuptake in the same way. Instead, it seems to stop neurotransmitters from binding with specific receptors on the nerves. Because the norepinephrine and serotonin don't bind to the receptors, they seem to build up in the areas between the nerve cells. As a result, the neurotransmitter levels rise. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
WHAT IS KNOW ABOUT:
EPHEDRA
ST JOHNS WORT
MELATONIN
GINSENG
GINKO |
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Definition
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Term
HOW DO THE FOLLOWING HERBAL SMART DRUGS WORK?
DMAE
CHOLINE
DHA
ACETYL L CARNITE
PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE
VITAMIN B12PHENLANINE
TYROSINE
ACACIA (WATTLE) |
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Definition
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Term
| ARE HERBAL DRUGS ADDICTIVE? |
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Definition
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Term
| IS TOLERANCE AN ISSUE WITH HERBAL DRUGS? |
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Definition
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Term
| ARE THERE WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS WITH HERBAL DRUGS? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT ARE HALLUCINOGENS? WHAT IS CONSIDERED A HALLUCINOGEN AND WHY? |
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Definition
are stimulators of the sympathetic nervous system
Synesthesia: mixing or crossover of the senses
Hallucination: sensory experience that doesn’t come from external stimuli
Dellusion: mistaken idea or belief that is not swayed by reason or other contradictory evidence
Illusion: mistaken perception of an external stimuli |
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Term
| HOW DO WE UNDERSTAND LSD TO WORK? |
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Definition
affect the Serotonergic system
G-protein coupled receptors
all dopamine receptor subtypes
all adrenoreceptor subtypes
most serotonin receptor subtypes
psychotropic effects of LSD are attributed to its strong partial agonist effects at 5-HT2A receptors |
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Term
| WHAT ARE BAD TRIPS AND FLASHBACKS? |
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Definition
“Bad Trips”
Typical antipsychotic tranquilizers will not end an LSD trip, but it may either lessen the intensity or immobilize and numb the patient.
While it also may not end an LSD trip, the best chemical treatment for a "bad trip" is an anxiolytic agent such as diazepam (Valium) or another benzodiazepine.
Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD)
(Flashbacks)
Provoked by some sort of sensory stimulus (almost anything)
Long-term intermittent or continuous experience of LSD-like visual and perceptual disturbances that occur on a chronic basis. |
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Term
| CAN TOLERANCE DEVELOP WITH LSD? |
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Definition
Tolerance develops very rapidly!!! Some cross-tolerance to other hallucinogens can occur.
But this tolerance can go away after several days of non-use.
Withdrawal is more psychological, than physiological |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS IN MUSHROO0MS THAT CAUSES THEM TO BE CLASSIFIED AS A HALLUCINOGENS? |
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Definition
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Term
| HOW DO WE BELIEVE THESE INGREDIENTS IN MUSHROOMS FIVE THEM THERE POWER TO START HALLUCINATIONS? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT ARE SOME OF THE SIDE EFFECTS OF TAKING MUSHROOMS?HOW DOES PEYOTE WORK? |
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Definition
Nausea (usually first physical effect before psychedelic effects kick in.
Visceral sensations
Synaesthesia, Sensory distortions (mainly visual, but can include other sensory modalities)
Altered states of consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
Sympathetic Nervous system increases (although not as much as other amphetamines)
More serious effects:
Water toxicity, electrolyte imbalances, dehydration
Pupil dilation, blurring of vision, eyelid twitching
Headaches, agitation, nausea, anorexia
Serotonergic axon apoptosis (cell death of Serotonin neurons)
Dangerous heart rhythms, Seizure activity, stroke, cardiovascular failure, coma
Malignant hyperthermia |
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Term
| DO DRUGS LIKE PEYOTE AND ECSTASY DEVELOP TOLERANCE? |
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Definition
| TOLERANCE to its mental effects develops rapidly. |
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Term
| HOW ARE KETAMINE AND PCP SIMILAR? |
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Definition
Both substances have bad reputations, and they deserve it!!
Originally designed as general anesthetics
The hallucinogenic effects of these substances is most likely due to blocking the actions of glutamate at one of its receptors. Which of the receptors is not clear.
These substances also can block the sensation of pain. It was once thought that it did this through activity associated with opioid receptors. But that is not been confirmed. |
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Term
| HOE IS KETAMINE AND PCP NOT ALIKE? |
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Definition
| The effects associated with PCP are far greater and last longer than those seen with Ketamine. |
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Term
| HOW DOES COCAINE WORK ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM? |
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Definition
Cocaine prevents action potential generation by physically blocking sodium channels via two alternative mechanisms.
Cocaine forces the release of various neurotransmitters and blocks their re-absorption. This causes the amount of energy/stimulatory/euphoria neurochemicals assaulting the receptor sites to be greatly increased. The chemicals are then quickly metabolized, leading to a rapid reversal of the high, which encourages the person to use again and again, in a binge fashion. (p. 97) |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF COCAINE ON THE BODY? |
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Definition
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Term
| EXPLAIN TOLERANCE TO COCAINE? |
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Definition
| Anhedonia, anergia, and craving are the most powerful of the withdrawal symptoms. The inability to feel pleasure is compounded by the increased disinterest in any other activities that might give pleasure or satisfaction. Because methamphetamine is longer acting (four to six hours vs. about 40 minutes for cocaine), the withdrawal is prolonged. (p. 108) |
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Term
| DESCRIBE WITHDRAWAL AFTER COCAINE USE. |
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Definition
| The withdrawal seen in theses individuals generally occurs in three phases: the ‘crash’; the ‘withdrawal’; and the ‘extinction’. |
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Term
| WHAT ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF OPIATES/OPIOIDS? |
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Definition
Opiates: Opium
Morphine
Codeine
Thebaine
Semisynthetic:
Diacetylmorphine Heroin
Hydrocodone Vicodin
Hydromorphone Dilaudid
Oxycodone OxyContin/Percodan |
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Term
| HOE DO OPIATE WORK IN THE CNS? |
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Definition
| When a person injects heroin or morphine, it travels quickly to the brain. The VTA, nucleus accumbens, caudate nucleus and thalamus are highlighted. The opiates bind to opiate receptors that are concentrated in areas within the reward system. |
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Term
| WHAT ARE SOME OF THE SYMPTOMS OF OPIATE USE? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT ARE SOME OF THE RECEPTORS FOR OPIATES IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE USUAL SUBSTANCES USED TO COUNTER THE EFFECTS OF OPIATES AND HOW DO THEY WORK? |
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Definition
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Term
| IS TOLERANCE AN ISSUE WITH OPIATES? EXPLAIN. |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT ARE SOME OF THE SYMPTOMS OF WITHDRAWAL FROM OPIATES? EXPLAIN WHY THEY HAPPEN. |
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Definition
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Term
| HOW DOES MARIJUANA WORK IN THE BODY? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF STOPPING MARIJUANA USE? EXPLAIN. |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE NEGATIVE SIDE EFFECTS OF STEROID ABUSE? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT ARE ANABOLIC STEROIDS? |
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Definition
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Term
| MEDICALLY, WHAT ARE ANABOLIC STEROIDS USED FOR? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT IS STACKING? DESCRIBE THE PROCESS? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE HAZARDS OF ANABOLIC STEROID USE? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ISSUES FOR MEN AND WOMEN WITH ANABOLIC STEROID USE? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE PSYCHOLOGICAL OR BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS PRESENTED BY ANABOLIC STEROID USE? |
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Definition
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