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Details Title: Final Description: Key Terms Total Flash Cards: 128 Created: 07/13/2005 15:37:09	To study from this set of flash cards, or to create your own your own study flash cards, register HERE. If you are already a registered user, CLICK HERE.
Cards Term Polygyny Definition A form of marriage in which men have more than one wife Term Polyandry Definition A form of marriage in which women have more than one husband Term Nuclear Family Definition A family consisting of a husband, wife, and children Term Extended Family Definition A nuclear family plus other relatives, such as grandparents, uncles, aunts, etc.. Term Family of Procreation Definition The family formed when a couple's first child is born. Term Family of Orientation Definition The family in which a person grows up. Term Exogamy Definition The practice of marrying outside one's group Term Incest Taboo Definition The rule that prohibits sex and marriage among designated relatives Term Endogamy Definition The practice of marrying within one's own group. Term Patrilineal System of Descent Definition A system of reckoning descent that counts only the father's side Term Matrilineal System of Descent Definition A system of reckoning descent that counts only the mother's side. Term Patriarchy Definition A society or group in which men dominate women; authority is vested in men. Term Matriarchy Definition A society in which women as a group dominate men as a group Term Cohabitation Definition Unmarried couples living together in a sexual relationship Term Education Definition A formal system of teaching knowledge, values, and skills. Term Manifest Function Definition Intended beneficial consequences of people's actions. Term Latent Functions Definition Unintended benefecial consequences of people's actions. Term Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Definition Robert Merton's term for an originally false assertion that becomes true simply because it was predicted Term Functional Illiterate Definition A high school graduate who has difficulty with basic reading and math Term Animism Definition The belief that all objects in the world have spirits, some of which are dangerous and must be outwitted. Term Anti-Semitism Definition Prejudice, discrimination, and persecution directed against jews. Term Born Again Definition A term describing christians wh ohave undergone a life-transforming religious experience so radical that they feel they have become new persons. Term Charisma Definition Literally, an extraordinary gift from God; more commonly, an outstanding, "magnetic" personality. Term Charismatic Leader Definition Literally, someone to whom God has given a gift, more commonly, someone who exerts extraordinary appeal to a group of followers Term Church Definition According to Durkheim, one of the three essential elements of religion -- a moral community of believers, a second definition is the type of religious organization, a large, highly organized group with gormal, sedate worship services and little emphasis on personal conversion. Term Civil Religion Definition Robert Bellah's term for religion that is such an established feature of a country's life that its history and social institutions become sanctified by being associated with God. Term Cosmology Definition Teachings or ideas that provide a unified picture of the world. Term Cult Definition A new religion with few followers, whose teachings and practices put it at odds with the dominant culture and religion Term Denomination Definition A "brand name" within a major religion, for example, Methodist or Baptist Term Ecclesia Definition A religious group so integrated into the dominant culture that it is difficult to tell where the one begins and the other leaves off: also called a state religion Term Evangelism Definition An attempt to win converts Term Functional Equivalent Definition In this context, a substitute that serves the same functions (or meets the same needs) as religion, for example, psychotherapy Term Fundamentalism Definition The belief that true religion is threatened by modernism and values and that the faith as it was originally practiced should be restored Term Modernization Definition The transformation of the traditional societies into industrial societies Term Monotheism Definition The belief that there is only one God. Term Polytheism Definition The belief that there are many Gods. Term Profane Definition Durkheim's term for the common elements of everyday life. Term Protestant Ethic Definition Weber's term to describe the ideal of self-denying, highly moral life accompanied by hard work and frugality Term Reincarnation Definition In Hinduism and Buddhism, the return of the soul (or self) aft death in a different form Term Religion Definition According to Durkheim, beliefs and practices that separate the profane from the sacred and unite its adherents into a moral community Term Religious Experience Definition A sudden awareness of the supernatural or a feeling of coming in contact with God. Term Rituals Definition Ceremonies or repititive practices; in the context, religious observances or rites, often intended to evoke a sense of awe of the sacred Term Sacred Definition Durkheim's term for things set apart or forbidden, that inspire fear, awe, reverance, or deep respect Term Sect Definition A religious group larger than a cult that still feels substantial hostility from and toward society. Term Secular Definition Belonging to the world and its affairs Term Secularization of Culture Definition The process by which a culture becomes less influenced by religion Term Secularization of Religion Definition The replacement of a religion's spiritual or "otherworldly" concerns about "this world" Term Spirit of Capitalism Definition Weber's term for the desire to accumulate capital as a duty-not to spend it, but as an end in itself-and to constantly reinvest it. Term State Religion Definition A government-sponsored religion; also called ecclesia Term Depersonalization Definition Dealing with people as though they were objects; in the case of medical care, as though patients were merely cases and diseases not people Term Epidemiology Definition The study of disease and disability patterns in a population Term Euthanasia Definition Mercy Killing Term Health Definition A human condition measured by four components: physical, mental, social, and spiritual Term The two-tier system of medical care Definition A system of medical care in which the wealthy receive superior medical care and the poor receive inferior medical care. Term Acid Rain Definition rain containing sulfuric acids (burning fossil fuels release sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide that become sulfuric and nitric acids when they react w/ moisture in the air. Term Alienation Definition Marx's term for worker's lack of connection to the product of their labor. Term Cultural Lag Definition Ogburns term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovations Term Ecosabotage Definition Actions taken to sabotage the efforts of people who are thought to be legally harming to the enviornment Term Global Warming Definition An increase in the earths temperature due to the greenhouse effect. Term Greenhouse Effect Definition The buildup of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere that allows light to enter but inhibits the release of heat. Term Demography Definition The study of the size, composition, growth, and distribution of human populations Term Malthus Theorem Definition an observation by Thomas Malthus that although the food supply increases arithmetically (from 1 to 2 to 3 to 4 and so on), population grows geometrically (from 2 to 4 to 8 to 16 and so forth) Term Exponential growth curve Definition A pattern of growth in which numbers double during approximately equal intervals, thus accelerating in the latter stages. Term demographic transition Definition a three stage-historical process of population growth: first, high birth rates and high death rates: second high birth rates and low death rates: and third, low birth rates and low death rates; a fourth stage has begun to appear in the Most Industrialized Nations. Term Population Shrinkage Definition the process by which a country's population becomes smaller because its birth rate and immigration are too low to replace those who die and emigrate. Term population pyramid Definition a graphic representation of a population, divided into age and sex. Term demographic variables Definition the three factors that influence population growth: fertility, mortality, and net migration Term fertility rate Definition the number of children that the average women bears Term fecundity Definition the number of children that women are capable of bearing Term crude birth rate Definition the annual number of live births per 1,000 population Term crude death rate Definition the annual number of deaths per 1,000 population Term net migration rate Definition the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants per 1,000 population Term growth rate Definition the net chnage in a population after adding births, subtracting deaths, and either adding or subtracting net migration Term basic demographic equation Definition growth rate equals births minus deaths plus net migration Term population growth Definition a demographic condition in which women bear only enough chuldren to reproduce the population Term city Definition a place in which a large number of people are permanently based and do not produce their own food. Term urbanization Definition the process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities and has a growing influence on the culture Term metropolis Definition a central city surrounded by smaller cities and their suburbs Term megalopolis Definition an urban area consisting of at least two metropolises and their many suburbs Term megacity Definition a city of 10 million or more residents Term metropolitan statistical area (MSA) Definition a central city and the urbanized counties adjacent to it. Term edge city Definition a large clustering of service facilities and residential areas near highway intersections that provides a sense of place to people who live, shop, and work there. Term gentrification Definition middle class people moving into a rundown area of a city, displacing the poor as they buy and restore homes. Term Human Ecology Definition Robert Park's term for the relationship between people and their enviornment (such as land and structures); also known as urban ecology Term invasion-succession cycle Definition the process of one group of people displacing a group whose racial-ethnic or social class characteristics differ from their own. Term community Definition a place people identify with, where they sense that they blong and that others care about what happens to them. Term alienation Definition used in several snses; in this context it refers to feelings of isolation that you are not a part of something or that no one cares about you. Term suburbinzation Definition the movement from the city to the suburbs Term suburb Definition a community adjacent to a city Term redlining Definition the officers of a financial institution deciding not to make loans in a particular area Term disinvestment Definition the withdrawal of investments by financial institutions, which seals the date of an urban area Term deindustrialization Definition industries moving out a country or region Term urban renewal Definition the rehabilitation of a rundown area, which usually results in the displacement of the poor who are living in that area. Term collective behavior Definition extra ordinary activities carried out by groups of people; includes lynchings, rumors, panics, urban legends, and fads and fashions Term collective min Definition Gustave LeBon's term for the tendency of people in a crowd to feel, think, and act in extraordinary ways. Term circular reaction Definition Robert Park's term for a back-and-forth communication between the members of a crowd whereby a "collective impluse" is transmitted. Term milling Definition a crowd standing or walking around as they talk excitedly about some event Term minimax strategy Definition Richard Berk's term for the efforts people make to minimize their costs and maximize their rewards. Term emergent norms Definition Ralph Turner and Lewis Killian's term for the idea that people develop new norms to cope with a new situation; used to explain crowd behavior Term riot Definition violent crowd behavior directed at people and property Term rumor Definition unfounded information spread among people Term panic Definition the condition of being so fearful that one cannot function normally, and may even flee. Term role extension Definition the incorporation of additional activities into a role Term mass hysteria Definition an imagined threat that causes physical symptoms aomong a large number of people. Term moral panic Definition a fear that grips a large number of people that some evil threatens the well-being of society, followed by hostility, sometimes violence, toward those thought responsible Term fad Definition a temporary pattern of behavior that catches people's attention Term fashion Definition a pattern of behavior that catches people's attention and lasts longer than a fas Term urban legend Definition a story with an ironic twist that sounds realistic but is false. Term social movement Definition a large group of people who are organized to promote or resist some social change Term proactive social movement Definition a social movement that promotes some social change Term reactive social movement Definition a social movement that resists some social change Term social movement organization Definition an organization people develop to further the goals of a social movement Term alternative social movement Definition a social movement that seeks to alter only some specific aspects of people Term redemptive social movement Definition a social movement that seeks to change people totally Term reformative social movement Definition a social movement that seeks to change only some specific aspects of society Term transformative social movement Definition a social movement that seeks to change society totally Term millenarian social movement Definition a social movement based on the prophecy of coming social upward Term cargo cult Definition a social movement in which South Pacific islanders destroyed their possessions in the anticipation that their ancestors would ship them new goods. Term transational social movement Definition a social movement whose emphasis is on some condition around the world, instead of on a condition in a specific country; also known as new social movements Term metaformative Definition a social movement that has the goal to change the social order not just of a society or two, but of the entire world Term public Definition in this context, a dispersed group of people relevant to a social movement; the sympathetic and hostile publics have an interest in the issues on which a social movement focuses; there is also an unaware or indifferent public Term public opinion Definition how people think about some issue Term propaganda Definition in its broad sense, the presentation of information in the attempt to influence people; in its narrow sense, one sided information used to try to influence people. Term mass society theory Definition an explanation for why people participate in a social movement based on assumption that the movement offers them a sense of belonging Term mass society Definition industrialized, highly bureaucratized, impersonal society Term relative deprivation theory Definition in this context, the bliefe that people join social movements based on their evaluations of what they think they should have compared with what others have. Term agent provocateur Definition someone who joins a group in order to spy on it and to sabotage it by provoking its members to commit extreme acts Term resource mobblization Definition a theory that social movements succeed or fail based on their ability to mobilize resources such as time, money, and people's skills.