Term
|
Definition
| human-constructed categories to which people are assigned. People in each category are connectd by shared and selected ancestors, history, and physical features and are widely regarded as a distinct racial group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ideas and assumptions people hold in common about race or a racial group believed to be so obvious or natural they need not be questioned |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a theoretical view point in which race is present, not as a concrete biological category, but as a product of the system of racial classifcation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most advantaged ethnic group in a society; the ethnic group that possesses the greatest access to valued resources, including the power to create and maintain the system that gives it these advantages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people who share, believe they share, or are believed by others to share a national origin; a common ancestry; a place of birth; or distinctive social traits (such as religion, style of dress, or language) that set them apart from other groups. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a situation in which someone discovers an ethnic identity, including the process by which an individual takes it upon himself to find, learn about, and claim an ethnic heritage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for members of a dominant ethnic group, a sense of self that is based on no awareness of an ethnic identity because their culuture is considered normal, normative, or mainstream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a umbrella ethhnic category by the government or another dominant group to which peole from many different cultures and countries are assigned. That category becomes the label by which these diverse people are known and with which they are forced to identify |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a process by which people forget, dismiss, or fail to pass on to their children an ancestral connection to one or more ethnicities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a broad catchall ethnic category in which people with distinct histores, cultures, languages, and identities are lumped together and viewed as belonging to that category (ex. Latino, Hispanic) |
|
|
Term
| system of racial classification |
|
Definition
| the systematic process by which people are divided into racial categories that are implicitly or explicity ranked on a scale of social worth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a situation in which the symbolic opportunities (positive images) and valued resources are disproportionately held by a particular group relative to another grouop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those who did not choose to be a part of a country (nor did their ancestors); rather, they were forced to become part of it through enslavement, conquest, or coloniztion. Those of Native American, African, Mexican and Hawaiian descent are examples. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a critical set of potential opportunities and advantages, including the chance to survive the first year of life, to grow to a certain height, to receive medical and dental care, to avoid a prison sentence, to graduate from high school, to live a long life, and so on |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subpopulations within a society that are regarded and treated as inherently different from those in the mainstream. They are systematically excluded (whether consciously or unconsciously) from full participation in society and denied equal access to power, prestige, and wealth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| special taken-for-granted advantages and immunities or benefits enjoyed by a dominant group relative to minority groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a situation in which a foreign power uses superior military force to impose its political, economic, social and cultural institutions on an indigenous population in order to control their resources, labor, and markets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a set of beliefs that uses biological or innate factors to explain and justify inequalities between racial and ethnic groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the use of faulty science to support systems of racial ranking and theories of social and cultural progress that placed white in the most advanced ranks and stage of human evolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the intentional or unintentional unequal treatment of racial or ethnic groups without considering merit, ablility, or past performance; this blocks access to valued experiences, goods, and services |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an extreme form of forced segregation in which a dominant group uses force and intimidation to remove people of a targeted racial or ethnic group from a geographic area, leaving it ethnically pure, or at least free of the targeted group. This also involves the destruciton of cultural artifacts associated with the targeted groups, such as mounments, cemeteries, and churches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the calculated and systematic largescale destruction of a targeted racial or ethnic group that can take the form of killing an ethnic group en masse, infliction serious bodily or psychological harm, creating intoleralbe living conditions, preventing birhts, "diluting" racial or ethnic lines through rape and forced births, or forcibly removing children to live with another group |
|
|
Term
| individual discrimination |
|
Definition
| behavior that blocks another's opportunities or does harm to life or property |
|
|
Term
| institutionalized discrimination |
|
Definition
| the established, customary way of doing things in society-the unchallenged laws, rules, policies, and day-to-day practices established by a dominant group that keep minority groups in disadvantaged postions |
|
|
Term
| nonprejudiced discriminators |
|
Definition
| fair-weather liberals or people who accept the creed of equal opportunity but discriminate because they simply fail to consider discriminatory consequences or because discriminating gives them some advantage |
|
|
Term
| nonprejudiced nondiscriminators |
|
Definition
| all-weather liberals or people who accept the creed of equal opportunity, and their conduct conforms to that creed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a rigid and, more often than not, unfavorable judgment about a category of people that is applied to anyone who belongs to that category |
|
|
Term
| prejudiced discriminators |
|
Definition
| active bigots or people who reject the notion of equal opportunity and profess a moral right, even a duty, to discriminate. They derive significant social and psychological gains from the conviction that anyone form their racial or ethnic group is superior to other such groups |
|
|
Term
| prejudiced nondiscriminators |
|
Definition
| timid bigots or people who reject the creed of equal opportunity but refrain from discrimination, primarily because they fear possible sanctions or being labeled as racists. Timid bigots rarely express their true opinions about racial and ethnic groups, and often use code words such as inner city or those people to campouflage their true feelings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| systematic and instituionalized practies that deny, limit, or increase the cost of services to neighborhoods because residents are low-income and/or minority. This can involve financial services (loans, checking accounts, credit cards, mortgages), insurance, health care and grocery stores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the physical and/or social separtion of people by race or ethnicity. It may be legally enforced (de jure) or socially enforced without the support of laws (de facto) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a situation where prejudiced person notice only the behaviors that support their stereotypes and then use those observations to support the stereotypes they hold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a point of view that begins with a false definition of a situation that is assumed to be accurate. People behave as if it that defintion were true so that the misguided behavior produces response that confirm the false defintion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generalizations about people who belong to a particular category that do not change even in the face of contradictory evidence. They give holders an illusion that they know the other group and that they possess the right to control images of the other group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which a subordinate ethnic, racial, and/or cultural group adapts to the ways of the dominant group, which sets the standards to which they must adjust. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a process by which ethnic, racial, and/or cultural distinctions between groups disappear because one group is absorbed, sometimes by force, into another group's culture or because two cultures blend to form a new culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of ending legally sanctioned racial separation and discrimination including removing legal barries to interaction and offering legal guarantees of protection and equal opportunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a situation in which two or more racial groups interact in a previously segregated setting; it may be court-ordered, legally mandated, or the natural outcome of poeple corssing the "color line" once legal barriers have been removed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a process by which previously separate groups accept many new behaviors and values from one another, intermarry, procreate, and identify with a blended culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a situation in which different racial and ethnic groups coexist in harmony; have equal social standing; maintain their unique cultural ties, communities, and identities; and participate in the economic and political life of the larger society. These groups also possess an allegiance to the country in which they live and its way of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a perception that racial integration exists derived from simply seeing other racial groups on television and in advertisments; it gives "the sensation of having meaningful, repeated contact with other racial groups without actually having it" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| traits believed to be characterisitc of females |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the socially created and learned distinctions that specify the physical, behavioral, and mental and emotional traits charactersitic of males and females |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a standard for masculinity or femininity against which real cases can be compared. This is at best a caricature, in that it exaggertes teh characterisitics that are believed to make someone the so-called perfect male or female |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people with some mixture of male and female primary sex charactersitics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| traits believed to be charactersitic of males |
|
|
Term
| primary sex characterisitcs |
|
Definition
| the anatomical traits essential to reproduction |
|
|
Term
| secondary sex characteristics |
|
Definition
| physical traits not essential to reproduction such as breast development, quality of voice, distribution of facial and body hair, and skeletal form, that suposedly result from the action of so-called male (androgen) and female (estrogen) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a distinction based on primary sex characteristcs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people whose primary sex characteristics do not match the gender they perceive themselves to be |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which being male or female increases the probability that a person's life will be a certain way. Gender, or ideas about what men and women should be, shapes every aspect of life, including how people dress, the time they wake up in the morning, what they do after they wake up, the social roles they take on, the things they worry about, and even ways of expressing emotion and expereicing sexual attraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a situation in which institutions have established pattern of segregating the sexes, empowering one sex and not the other, and/or subordinating one sex relative to the other such that gender systematically shapes the experiences, constraints, and opportunities of the particpating men and women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the probability that an individual's life will turn out a certain way. This applies to virtually every aspect of life-- the chances that a person will be an airline pilot, play T-ball, major in elementary education, spend an hour or more getting ready for work or school, or live a long life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the established and customary rules, policies, and day-to-day practices that affect a person's life chances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the disparity in opportunities available to men and women relative to the other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the extent to which opportunities and resources are unequally distributed between men and women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a barrier that prevents women from rising past a certain level in an organization, especially for women who work in male-dominated workplaces and occupations. The term applies to women who have the ability and qualifcations to advance but who are not well-connected to those who are in the position to advocate for or mentor them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the invisible upward movement that puts men in positions of power, even within female-dominated occupations, as when management singles out men for special attention and advancement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an arragement in which men have systematic power over women in public and private(family) life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the significant people, groups, and institutions that act to shape our gender indentity-- whether we identify as male,female, or something in between. These people include family, classmates, peers, teachers, religious leaders, popular culture, and mass media |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the behavior and activites expected of someone who is male or female. These expectations channel male and female energies in different gender-appropriate directions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the physiological, including genetic, characteristics associated with being male or female |
|
|
Term
| commercialization of sexual ideals |
|
Definition
| the process of introducing products into market using advertising campaigns that promise consumers they will achieve a sexual ideal if they buy and use the products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a process by which economic value is assigned to things not previously thought of in economic terms such as an idea, a natural resource (water, a view of nature) or a state of being (youth, sexuality) |
|
|
Term
| commodification of sexuality |
|
Definition
| a process by which companies create products for people to buy with the promise that those products will allow them to express themselves as sexual beings or elicit a sexual response from other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the awareness of being a man or woman, of being neither, or something in between (this also involves the ways one chooses to hide or express that identity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cultural norms that guide people in enacting what is considered to be feminine and masculine behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a normative system that presents the gendered heterosexual nuclear family as the ideal and departures from that system as deviant, even threatening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all the ways people experience and express themselves as sexual beings. The study of this considers the range of social activites, behaviors, and though that genearate sexual sensations and experiences and that allow for sexual expression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes. This also refers to a person's sense of identity bases on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of other who share those attractions" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responses and behaviors that people learn, in much the same way that actors learn lines for a play, to guide them in sexual activites and encounters. These scripts are gendered in that males and females learn different scripts about the sex-appropriate responses and behavioral choices open to them in specific situations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the label applied to those who feel that their inner sense of being a man or woman does not match their anatomical sex, so they behave and/or dress to actualize their gender identity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a perspective that seeks to understand the position of women in society relative to men and that advocates equal opportunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an irrational fear held by some heterosexuals that a same-sex person will make a sexual advance toward them. It also refers to a fear of being in close contact with someone of the same sex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sexism directed at men that is so extreme that it involves a hatred of those in that category |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sexism directed at women that is so extreme it involves a hatred of those in that category |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief that one sex--and by extension, one gender-- is innately superior to another, justifying unequal treatment of the sexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the targeted abortion of female fetuses because of a cultural preference for males and corresponding low status assigned to females |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an economic system in which the raw materials and the means of producing and distributing goods and services are privately owned |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the social insitituions that coordinate human activity to produce, distribute, and consume goods and services |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any products that are extracted from the earth, manufactured, or grown--corn, clothing, petroleum, automobiles, coal, and computers are just a few examples |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activites performed for others that result in no tangible product, such as theather productions, transportation, financial advice, medical care, spiritual counseling, and education |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an economic system in which raw materials and the means of producing and distributing goods and services are collectively owned. That is, public ownership--rather than private ownership--is an essential characterisitc of this system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a term that applies to an economic system that is a hybrid a capitalism and socialism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| economic activites that generate or extract raw material from the natural environment. Mining, fishing, growing, crops, raising livestock, drilling for oil, and planting and harvesting forest products are examples |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| economic activites that transform raw materials from the primary sector into manufactured goods such as computers and cars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| economic activites related to delivering services, such as health care or entertainment, and to creating and distributing information, such as books or data |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hidden costs of using, making, or disposing of a product that are not figured into the price of the product or paid for by the producer. Such costs include those associated with cleaning up the environment and with treating injured and chronically ill workers, consumers, and others |
|
|
Term
| multinational corporation |
|
Definition
| an enterprise that owns, controls, or licenses facilities in countires other than the one in which it is headquartered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| legitimate power, or power that people believe is just and proper. A leader has this to the extent that people view him or her as being legitimately entitled to it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| legitimate power that is grounded in exceptional and exemplary personal qualitites. They are obeyed because their followers believe in and are attracted irresistibly to the leader's vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| legitimate form of power that derives from a system of impersonal and formal rules that specify the qualifications for occuypying an administrative or judicial position; the individual holding that position has the power to command other to act in specific ways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people whose job it is to solicit and persuade state and federal legislators to create legislation and vote for bills thatfavor the interests of the group they represent. They can work for corporations, a private individual, or the public interest |
|
|
Term
| political action committees (PACs) |
|
Definition
| special-interest groups that raise money to be donated to the political candidates who seem most likely to support their economic, social, and/or political needs and interests. There are more than 4,500 registered. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the institution that regulates the access to and use of power that is essential to articulation and realizing individual, local, regional, national, international, or global interests and agends |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the probability that an individual can achieve his or her will, even against opposition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those few people who occupy such lofty positions in the social structure of leading institutions that their decisions affect millions, even billions, of people worldwide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groups consisting of people who share on interest in a particular economic, political, or other social issue and who form an organization or join an existing organization to influence public opinion and government policy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of power grounded in the sanctity of time-honored norms that govern how someone comes to hold a powerful position, such as chief, king, queen, or emperor. Usually the person inherits that position by virtue of being born into a family that has held power for some time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of government in which no seperation of powers exists; a single person (a dictator), a group (a family, the military, a single party), or social class holds all power. No official ideology projects a vision of the "perfect" society or guides the government's political or economic policies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the organizational structure that directs and coordinates people's involvement in the political activites of a country or some other territory, such as a city, country, or state. It is also the mechanism through which people gain power and exercise authority over others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of government in which the power is in the hands of a leader who reigns over a state or territory, usually for life and by hereditary right. Typically, they are expected to pass the throne on to someone who is designates as the heir, usually a firstborn son |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of government in which power is vested in citizens who vote into office those candidates they believe can best represent their interests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of government in which political authority rests in the hands of religious leaders or a theologically trained elite group. The primary purpose of this form of government is to uphold divine laws in its policies and practices. Thus, there is no legal separation of church and state. Government policies and laws correspond to religious principles and laws |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of government characterized by 1. a single ruling party led by a dictator 2. an unchallenged official ideology that defines a vision of the "perfect" society and the means to achieve that vision 3. a system of social control that suppresses dissent, and 4. centralized control over the media and the economy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of countries under the direct or indirect control of a foregin power or government that acts to shape the political, economic, and cultural life of the people over which it has power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a process by which a power maintains its dominance over foreign entities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a power that exerts control and influence over foreign entities either through military force or through political policies and economic pressure. They believe that their cultural, political, or economic superiority justifies control over other entitites. From their point of view, such control is for the greater good of those conquered and for the planet as a whole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a political entity, such as a country, that believes military strenght, and the willingness to use it, is the source of national and even global security. Usually a peace-through-strength doctrine- peace depends on military strength and force- is cited to justify military buildups and interventions on foreign soil |
|
|
Term
| military-industrial complex |
|
Definition
| a relationship between those who declare, fund, and manage wars (the Department of Defense, the office of the president, and Congress) and corporations that make the equipment and supplies needed to wage war |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the wealthiest, most highly diversified ecnomies in the world with strong, stable governments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a situation in which human interactions and relationships transcend national borders and in which social problems within any one country- such as unemployment, drug addiction, water shortages, natural disasters, or the search for national security- are shaped by events taking place outside the country, indeed in various parts of the globe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ever-increasing flow of goods, services, moeny, people, technology, information and other cultural items across political borders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| economies built around a few commodities or even a single commodity, such as coffee, peanuts, or tobacco, or on a natural resource, such as oil, tin copper or zinc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| economies characterized by moderate wealth (but extreme inquality) and moderately diverse system of production and consumption. This type of economies expolit peripheral economies and are in turn exploited by core economies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| norms requiring or encouraging people to choose a partner from the same social category as their own- for example, a partner of the same race, sex, ethnicity, religion, or social class |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| norms requiring or encouraging people to choose a partner from a social category other than their own- for example, to choose a partner outside their immediate family who is of the other sex or of another race |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a social institution that binds poeple together through blood, marriage, law, and/or social norms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a society in which the percentage of the population that is 65 and older is incrasing relative to other age groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the average number of years after birth a person can expect to live |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the average number of children that a woman bears in her lifetime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the system societies use to rank males, females, and those who do not fit into the binary age cohorts scheme on a scale of social worth such that the ranking affects life changes in unequal ways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cohort composed of people who are born at a particular time in history and/or seperated from other categories by time. A generation is distinguished from others by its cultural dispostion (dress, language, preferences for songs, activites, entertainment) access to resources, and socially expected privileges, responsibilites, and duties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the situation in which caregivers believe that their emotional balance, physical health, social life, and financial status suffer because of their caregiver role |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those who privde service to people who, because of physical impairment, a chronic condition, or cognitive impairment cannot do certain activites without help |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a state of being that society has imposed on those with certain impairments because of how inventions have been designed and social activites have been organized to exclude the impaired but accommodate others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caregiving provided, usually for a fee, by credentialed professionals (whether in the person's home or some other facility) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a physical or mental condition that interferes with someone's ability to perform a major life activity that the average person can perform without technical or human assistance or without changing the physical environment around them (e.g., a person confined to a wheelchair could cook if the stove had not been designed to accommodate only those who can stand) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caregiving that family members, neighbors, and friends provide in a home setting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a point of view that measures differences against what is thought to be normal and that assumes those with impairments fall short in other ways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simultaneous positive and negative feelings toward a person or situation arising out of socially sanctioned inequalitites that generate tensions and conflicts in relationships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a situation in which employers use educational credentials as screening devices for sorting through a pool of largely anonymous applicants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any experiences that train, discipline, and shape the mental and physical potentials of the maturing person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a deliberate, planned effort to impart specific kills or information; a systematic process(for example, military boot camp, on-the-job training, or smoking cessation classes) in which someone designs the education experiences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a spontaneous, unplanned, naturally occurring way of learning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a program of formal, systematic insturction that takes place primarily in classrooms but also includes extracurricular activities and out-of-classroom assignments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the subject content, assessment methods, and activites involved in teaching and learning for a specific course, grade, or degree |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the content of the various academic subjects-mathematics, science, English, reading, physical education, and so on |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the teaching method, type of assignments, kinds of tests, tone of the teacher's voice, attitudes of classmates, the number of students absent, the frequency of teacher absences, and the criteria teachers use to assign grades. These so-called extraneous factors convey messages to students not only about the value of the subject but also about the values of society, the place of learning in their lives, and their role in society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| also known as ability grouping; a sifting and sorting mechanism by which studnets are assigned to separate instructional groups within a single classroom, programs such as college preparatory versus general studies, or advanced placement, honors, or remedial classes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a classification system in which participation in some activites results in popularity, respect, acceptance, and praise, and participation in other activites results in isolation, ridicule, exclusion, disdain, and disrespect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group whose members hold the same beliefs regarding what is considered sacred and profane, share rituals, and gather in body or spirit at agreed-on times to share and reaffirm their commitment to those beliefs and practices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| with regard to religion, a point of view in which oppressed individuals or groups accept the economic, political, and social arragnements that constrain their chances in life because they are promised compensation for their suffering in the next world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief that God has foreordained all things, including the salvation or damnation of individual souls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| everything that is not considered sacred, including things opposed to the sacred (such as the unholy, the irreverent, and the blasphemous) and things that stand apart from the sacred (such as the ordinary, the commonplace, the unconsecrated, and the bodily) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a system of shared rituals and beliefs about the sacred and the profane that bind together a community of worshipers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rules that govern how people behave in the presence of the sacred. These rules may take the form of instuctions detailing the appropriate day(s) and occasions for worship, acceptable dress, and wording of chantes, songs, and prayer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| everything that is regarded as extraordianary and that inspires in believers deep and absorbing sentiments of awe, respect, mystery, and reverence. Sacred things may include objects, living creatures, elements of nature, places, states of consciousness, holy days, ceremonies, and other activites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a belief that people are instruments of divine will and that God determines and directs their activites. Calvisnists glorified God when they accepted a task assigned to them, carried it out in an exemplary and disciplined fashion, and did not indulge in the fruits of their labor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an institutionalized set of beliefs about a nation's past, present, and future and a corresponding set of rituals. These beliefs and rituals can take on a sacred quality and elicit intense feelings of patriotism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a belief in the timelessness of sacred writings and a belief that such writings apply to all kinds of environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a process by which religious influences on thought and behavior are gradually removed or reduced. More specifically, it is a process by which some element of society, once part of a religious sphere, seperates from its religious or spiritual connection or influences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a person's nonmaterial resources, including educational credentials, the kinds of knowledge acquired, social skills, and asethetic tastes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a person's material resources-wealth, land, money |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a frame of mind that has internalized the objective reality of society. This objective reality becomes the mental filter that structures people's perceptions, experiences, responses, and actions. It is through ____ that the social world is understood and that people acquire a sense of place and a point of view that informs how they interpret their own and others' actions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the perpetuation of unequal relations such that almost everyone, including the disadvantaged, comes to view this inequality as normal and legitimate and tends to shrug off or resist calls for change |
|
|
