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| authoritarian type of government in which the hereditary ruler holds absolute power |
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| state of balance between cooperation and conflict |
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| status acquired by an individual on the basis of some special skill, knowledge, or ability |
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| acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDs) |
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| fatal disease caused by a virus that attacks an individual's immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to a host of deadly infections |
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| period between the normal onset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood |
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| belief that one age category is by nature superior to another age category |
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| the argument that the media sets the boundaries of public debate by deciding which issues will receiving coverage and which will not |
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| specific individuals, groups, and institutions that provide the situations in which socialization can occur |
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| group of people gathered in the same place at the same time who lack organization or lasting patterns of interaction |
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| type of society characterized by the use of draft animals and plows in the tilling of fields |
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| treating illnesses with unconventional methods such as acupuncture, biofeedback, massage, meditation, yoga, herbal remedies, and relaxation techniques |
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| organic condition that results in the progressive destruction of brain cells |
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| belief system in which spirits are active in influencing human life |
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| situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or are no longer acceptable |
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| comparative study of various aspects of past and present cultures |
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| anticipatory socialization |
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| learning of the rights, obligations, and expectations of a role in preparation of assuming that role at a future date |
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| official policies designed to discourage births |
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| capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a particular body of knowledge |
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| status assigned according to standards that are beyond a person's control. Age, sex, family heritage, and race are examples |
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| blending of culturally distinct groups into a single group with a common culture and identity |
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| type of government in which power rests firmly with the state |
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| collective term for the approximately 76 million children born in the United States from 1946 through 1964 |
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| practice of exchanging one good for another |
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| descent system in which kinship is traced through both parents |
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| system of education in which non-English-speaking students are taught in their native languages until they are prepared to attend classes taught in English |
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| residential pattern in which a newly married couple is allowed to choose wither they will live with the husband's parents or the wife's parents |
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| annual member of live births per 1000 members of a population |
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| owners of the means of production in a capitalist society |
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| ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures |
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| economic model in which the factors of production are owned by individuals and that is regulated by the forces of profit and competition |
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| system in which scarce resources and rewards are distributed on the basi of ascribed statuses |
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| power that is legitimated on the basis of the personal characteristics of the individual exercising power |
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| alternative schools which are funded by public money but are privately operated |
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| permanent concentration of relatively large numbers of people who are engaged many in non agricultural persuits |
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| system in which scarce resources and rewards are determined on the basis of achieved statuses |
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| power that is exerted through force or the threat of force |
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| relatively spontaneous social behavior that occurs when people try to develop common solutions to unclear situations |
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| collection of people who have limited interaction with each other and who do not share clearly defined, conventional norms |
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| a belief held among some scientists that all scientific knowledge should be made available to everyone in the scientific community |
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| political and economic system in which property is communally owned |
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| interaction that occurs when two or more persons or groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can attain |
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| theory of city life that examines the ways in which the composition of a city's population influences life in the city. According to this theory, individuals are able to protect themselves from the anonymity of the city by forming primary groups with others who are like themselves |
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| model of urban structure proposed by Ernest W. Burgess in which the typical industrial city is said to spread outward from the center in a series of circles within circles |
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| deliberate attempt to oppose, harm, control by force, or resist the will of another person or persons |
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| theoretical perspective that focuses on those forces in society that promote competition and change |
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| conflict theory of social change |
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| theory that views social change as the result of conflicts between groups with opposing interests |
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| social movements that try to protect from change what they see as society's prevailing values |
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| type of government in which the ruler, or monarch, is nothing more than the symbolic head of state. Constitutional monarchies are considered democratic because the ultimate power rests with elected officials |
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| theory of collective behavior proposed by Gustave LeBon in which the hypnotic power of a crowd is said to encourage people to give up their individuality to the stronger pull of the group. Individuals then become anonymous, with no will power or sense of responsibility |
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| theory of deviant behavior in which deviance is seen as a natural occurrence and conformity is seen as the result of social control |
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| interaction that occurs when two or more persons or groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit many people |
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| according to the world system theory of modernization, those more developed nations that are at the center of the world economy and upon which less developed nations are economically dependent |
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| business organization that is owned by stockholders and is treated by law as if it were an individual person |
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| sanctions--such as imprisonment, parole, and probation--used to punish crinimals |
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| group that rejects the values, norms, and practices of the larger society and replaces them with a new set of cultural patterns |
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| a horse-drawn carriage received by Amish men during their teenage years |
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| a social interaction similar to dating but with the sole purpose of eventual marriage |
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| any act that is labeled as such by those in authority, is prohibited by law, and is punishable by the government |
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| large-scale organization of professional criminals that controls some vice or business through violence or the threat of violence |
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| the system of police, courts, and corrections |
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| social scientists who study criminal behavior |
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| temporary collection of people who are in close enough proximity to interact |
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| religious group founded on the revelations of a person believed to have special knowledge |
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| situation in which some aspects of the culture change less rapidly, or lag behind, other aspects of the same culture |
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| policy that allows each group within society to keep its unique cultural identity |
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| belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards |
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| cultural-transmission theory |
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| theory that views deviance as a learned behavior transmitted through interaction with others |
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| common features that are found in all human cultures |
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| shared products of human groups. These products include both physical objects and the beliefs, values, and behaviors shared by the group |
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| clusters of interrelated culture traits |
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| combination of a number of culture complexes into an interrelated whole |
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| individual tool, act, or belief that is related to a particular situation or need |
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| cyclical theory of social change |
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| historical view of social change in which societies are seen as rising and then falling or as continuously moving back and forth between stages of development |
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| a social behavior that allows individuals to choose their own marriage partners |
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| annual number of deaths per 1000 members of a population |
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| segregation based on informal norms |
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| the process of labeling an individual as a deviant |
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