Term
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Definition
| A form of marriage in which men have more than one wife |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of marriage in which women have more than one husband |
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Term
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Definition
| A family consisting of a husband, wife, and children |
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Term
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Definition
| A nuclear family plus other relatives, such as grandparents, uncles, aunts, etc.. |
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Term
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Definition
| The family formed when a couple's first child is born. |
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Term
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Definition
| The family in which a person grows up. |
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Term
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Definition
| The practice of marrying outside one's group |
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Term
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Definition
| The rule that prohibits sex and marriage among designated relatives |
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Term
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Definition
| The practice of marrying within one's own group. |
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Term
| Patrilineal System of Descent |
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Definition
| A system of reckoning descent that counts only the father's side |
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Term
| Matrilineal System of Descent |
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Definition
| A system of reckoning descent that counts only the mother's side. |
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Term
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Definition
| A society or group in which men dominate women; authority is vested in men. |
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Term
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Definition
| A society in which women as a group dominate men as a group |
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Term
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Definition
| Unmarried couples living together in a sexual relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| A formal system of teaching knowledge, values, and skills. |
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Term
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Definition
| Intended beneficial consequences of people's actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unintended benefecial consequences of people's actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Robert Merton's term for an originally false assertion that becomes true simply because it was predicted |
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Term
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Definition
| A high school graduate who has difficulty with basic reading and math |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief that all objects in the world have spirits, some of which are dangerous and must be outwitted. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prejudice, discrimination, and persecution directed against jews. |
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Term
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Definition
| A term describing christians wh ohave undergone a life-transforming religious experience so radical that they feel they have become new persons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Literally, an extraordinary gift from God; more commonly, an outstanding, "magnetic" personality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Literally, someone to whom God has given a gift, more commonly, someone who exerts extraordinary appeal to a group of followers |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Durkheim, one of the three essential elements of religion -- a moral community of believers, a second definition is the type of religious organization, a large, highly organized group with gormal, sedate worship services and little emphasis on personal conversion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Robert Bellah's term for religion that is such an established feature of a country's life that its history and social institutions become sanctified by being associated with God. |
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Term
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Definition
| Teachings or ideas that provide a unified picture of the world. |
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Term
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Definition
| A new religion with few followers, whose teachings and practices put it at odds with the dominant culture and religion |
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Term
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Definition
| A "brand name" within a major religion, for example, Methodist or Baptist |
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Term
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Definition
| A religious group so integrated into the dominant culture that it is difficult to tell where the one begins and the other leaves off: also called a state religion |
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Term
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Definition
| An attempt to win converts |
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Term
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Definition
| In this context, a substitute that serves the same functions (or meets the same needs) as religion, for example, psychotherapy |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief that true religion is threatened by modernism and values and that the faith as it was originally practiced should be restored |
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Term
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Definition
| The transformation of the traditional societies into industrial societies |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief that there is only one God. |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief that there are many Gods. |
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Term
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Definition
| Durkheim's term for the common elements of everyday life. |
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Term
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Definition
| Weber's term to describe the ideal of self-denying, highly moral life accompanied by hard work and frugality |
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Term
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Definition
| In Hinduism and Buddhism, the return of the soul (or self) aft death in a different form |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Durkheim, beliefs and practices that separate the profane from the sacred and unite its adherents into a moral community |
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Term
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Definition
| A sudden awareness of the supernatural or a feeling of coming in contact with God. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ceremonies or repititive practices; in the context, religious observances or rites, often intended to evoke a sense of awe of the sacred |
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Term
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Definition
| Durkheim's term for things set apart or forbidden, that inspire fear, awe, reverance, or deep respect |
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Term
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Definition
| A religious group larger than a cult that still feels substantial hostility from and toward society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Belonging to the world and its affairs |
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Term
| Secularization of Culture |
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Definition
| The process by which a culture becomes less influenced by religion |
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Term
| Secularization of Religion |
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Definition
| The replacement of a religion's spiritual or "otherworldly" concerns about "this world" |
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Term
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Definition
| Weber's term for the desire to accumulate capital as a duty-not to spend it, but as an end in itself-and to constantly reinvest it. |
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Term
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Definition
| A government-sponsored religion; also called ecclesia |
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Term
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Definition
| Dealing with people as though they were objects; in the case of medical care, as though patients were merely cases and diseases not people |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of disease and disability patterns in a population |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A human condition measured by four components: physical, mental, social, and spiritual |
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Term
| The two-tier system of medical care |
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Definition
| A system of medical care in which the wealthy receive superior medical care and the poor receive inferior medical care. |
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Term
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Definition
| rain containing sulfuric acids (burning fossil fuels release sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide that become sulfuric and nitric acids when they react w/ moisture in the air. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marx's term for worker's lack of connection to the product of their labor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ogburns term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovations |
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Term
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Definition
| Actions taken to sabotage the efforts of people who are thought to be legally harming to the enviornment |
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Term
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Definition
| An increase in the earths temperature due to the greenhouse effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| The buildup of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere that allows light to enter but inhibits the release of heat. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the size, composition, growth, and distribution of human populations |
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Term
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Definition
| an observation by Thomas Malthus that although the food supply increases arithmetically (from 1 to 2 to 3 to 4 and so on), population grows geometrically (from 2 to 4 to 8 to 16 and so forth) |
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Term
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Definition
| A pattern of growth in which numbers double during approximately equal intervals, thus accelerating in the latter stages. |
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Term
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Definition
| a three stage-historical process of population growth: first, high birth rates and high death rates: second high birth rates and low death rates: and third, low birth rates and low death rates; a fourth stage has begun to appear in the Most Industrialized Nations. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which a country's population becomes smaller because its birth rate and immigration are too low to replace those who die and emigrate. |
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Term
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Definition
| a graphic representation of a population, divided into age and sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| the three factors that influence population growth: fertility, mortality, and net migration |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of children that the average women bears |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of children that women are capable of bearing |
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Term
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Definition
| the annual number of live births per 1,000 population |
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Term
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Definition
| the annual number of deaths per 1,000 population |
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Term
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Definition
| the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants per 1,000 population |
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Term
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Definition
| the net chnage in a population after adding births, subtracting deaths, and either adding or subtracting net migration |
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Term
| basic demographic equation |
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Definition
| growth rate equals births minus deaths plus net migration |
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Term
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Definition
| a demographic condition in which women bear only enough chuldren to reproduce the population |
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Term
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Definition
| a place in which a large number of people are permanently based and do not produce their own food. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities and has a growing influence on the culture |
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Term
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Definition
| a central city surrounded by smaller cities and their suburbs |
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Term
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Definition
| an urban area consisting of at least two metropolises and their many suburbs |
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Term
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Definition
| a city of 10 million or more residents |
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Term
| metropolitan statistical area (MSA) |
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Definition
| a central city and the urbanized counties adjacent to it. |
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Term
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Definition
| a large clustering of service facilities and residential areas near highway intersections that provides a sense of place to people who live, shop, and work there. |
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Term
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Definition
| middle class people moving into a rundown area of a city, displacing the poor as they buy and restore homes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Robert Park's term for the relationship between people and their enviornment (such as land and structures); also known as urban ecology |
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Term
| invasion-succession cycle |
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Definition
| the process of one group of people displacing a group whose racial-ethnic or social class characteristics differ from their own. |
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Term
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Definition
| a place people identify with, where they sense that they blong and that others care about what happens to them. |
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Term
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Definition
| used in several snses; in this context it refers to feelings of isolation that you are not a part of something or that no one cares about you. |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement from the city to the suburbs |
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Term
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Definition
| a community adjacent to a city |
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Term
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Definition
| the officers of a financial institution deciding not to make loans in a particular area |
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Term
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Definition
| the withdrawal of investments by financial institutions, which seals the date of an urban area |
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Term
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Definition
| industries moving out a country or region |
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Term
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Definition
| the rehabilitation of a rundown area, which usually results in the displacement of the poor who are living in that area. |
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Term
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Definition
| extra ordinary activities carried out by groups of people; includes lynchings, rumors, panics, urban legends, and fads and fashions |
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Term
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Definition
| Gustave LeBon's term for the tendency of people in a crowd to feel, think, and act in extraordinary ways. |
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Term
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Definition
| Robert Park's term for a back-and-forth communication between the members of a crowd whereby a "collective impluse" is transmitted. |
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Term
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Definition
| a crowd standing or walking around as they talk excitedly about some event |
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Term
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Definition
| Richard Berk's term for the efforts people make to minimize their costs and maximize their rewards. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ralph Turner and Lewis Killian's term for the idea that people develop new norms to cope with a new situation; used to explain crowd behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| violent crowd behavior directed at people and property |
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Term
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Definition
| unfounded information spread among people |
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Term
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Definition
| the condition of being so fearful that one cannot function normally, and may even flee. |
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Term
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Definition
| the incorporation of additional activities into a role |
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Term
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Definition
| an imagined threat that causes physical symptoms aomong a large number of people. |
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Term
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Definition
| a fear that grips a large number of people that some evil threatens the well-being of society, followed by hostility, sometimes violence, toward those thought responsible |
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Term
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Definition
| a temporary pattern of behavior that catches people's attention |
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Term
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Definition
| a pattern of behavior that catches people's attention and lasts longer than a fas |
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Term
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Definition
| a story with an ironic twist that sounds realistic but is false. |
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Term
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Definition
| a large group of people who are organized to promote or resist some social change |
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Term
| proactive social movement |
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Definition
| a social movement that promotes some social change |
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Term
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Definition
| a social movement that resists some social change |
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Term
| social movement organization |
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Definition
| an organization people develop to further the goals of a social movement |
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Term
| alternative social movement |
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Definition
| a social movement that seeks to alter only some specific aspects of people |
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Term
| redemptive social movement |
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Definition
| a social movement that seeks to change people totally |
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Term
| reformative social movement |
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Definition
| a social movement that seeks to change only some specific aspects of society |
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Term
| transformative social movement |
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Definition
| a social movement that seeks to change society totally |
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Term
| millenarian social movement |
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Definition
| a social movement based on the prophecy of coming social upward |
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Term
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Definition
| a social movement in which South Pacific islanders destroyed their possessions in the anticipation that their ancestors would ship them new goods. |
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Term
| transational social movement |
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Definition
| a social movement whose emphasis is on some condition around the world, instead of on a condition in a specific country; also known as new social movements |
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Term
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Definition
| a social movement that has the goal to change the social order not just of a society or two, but of the entire world |
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Term
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Definition
| in this context, a dispersed group of people relevant to a social movement; the sympathetic and hostile publics have an interest in the issues on which a social movement focuses; there is also an unaware or indifferent public |
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Term
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Definition
| how people think about some issue |
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Term
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Definition
| in its broad sense, the presentation of information in the attempt to influence people; in its narrow sense, one sided information used to try to influence people. |
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Term
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Definition
| an explanation for why people participate in a social movement based on assumption that the movement offers them a sense of belonging |
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Term
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Definition
| industrialized, highly bureaucratized, impersonal society |
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Term
| relative deprivation theory |
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Definition
| in this context, the bliefe that people join social movements based on their evaluations of what they think they should have compared with what others have. |
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Term
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Definition
| someone who joins a group in order to spy on it and to sabotage it by provoking its members to commit extreme acts |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory that social movements succeed or fail based on their ability to mobilize resources such as time, money, and people's skills. |
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