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Final
Final
71
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
05/11/2008

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
STROOP EFFECT
Definition

THE TENDCENY TO READ A WORD, INSTEAD OF SAYING THE COLOR OF INK AS INSTRUCTED.

 

EX:

YOU SEE A WORD SAYING "RED", BUT ITS IN BLUE, YOU READ READ INSTEAD OF JUST SAYING BLUE. 

Term
CHANGE BLINDNESS
Definition

THE FREQUENT FAILUE TO DETECT CHANGES IN PARTS OF A SCENE.

 

EX:

WHEN YOU LOOK AT TWO DIFFERENT PICTURES THAT ARE DIFFERENT, BUT YOU DONT NECESSARILY PICK UP THE SMALL CHANGES.  

 

IMPOSSIBLE QUIX LIZARD. 

Term
ATTENTIONAL BLINK
Definition

DURING A BREIF TIME AFTER PERCEIVING ONE STIMULAS, IT IS DIFFICULT TO ATTEND SOMETHING ELSE.

 

EX:

 CANNOT SEE THE SECOND STIMULAS 100MS TO 700MS.

Term

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER

(ADD)

 

HYPERACTIVITY

(ADHD) 

 

Definition

EASY DISTRACTION, CUMPUSLIVENESS,MOODINESS, AND FAILURE TO FOLLOW THROUGH WITH PLANS.

 

SAME, EXCEPT WITH EXCESSIVE ACTIVITY AND FIGITY.

 

3-10% OF CHILDREN HAVE IT

- nOT EXACTLY DEFICIT, BUT HAVE A HARD TIME SHIFTING ATTENTION, HENCE THE ATTENTIONAL BLINK.

-70% BOYS TO 30% GIRLS 

-COMMON TREATMENT IS METHYLPHENIDATE (RITALIN).

-SOME CAN GET RID OF IT, SOME STAY. 

Term

ADD/ADHD TASKS:

 

CHOICE-DELAY TASKS

 

STOP SIGNAL TASK 

Definition

CHOICE: Prefer a smaller prize now, or a bigger prize later?

-If you say now when you are 4, may have ADD.

 

Stop-signal:

-Trouble when hitting button if the "beep" goes off as well.  Bad delay reaction. 

Term
Prototype theory of meaning
Definition

Familiar or typical examples are prototypes. 

Ex:

Vehicle: we say car, bus, train, etc.

dont say

escalator or water skis, because they relate in some ways, but not other. 

Term
representativeness heuristic
Definition

Assume that an item that resembles memebers of a category probably belongs to that category.

 

Astray when something resembles members of a rare category.

 

Ex:

Something looks like a UFO, so you decide that it is. 

Term
heuristic
Definition
startegies for simplifying a problem and generating a satisfactory guess.
Term
availability heuristic
Definition

Assume that the more easliy that we can think of members of a category, the more common the category is.

 

Astray when category gets more publicity than another is more memorable.

 

Ex:

You remember more reports of airplane crashes than car, so you think air travel is more dangerous. 

Term
confirmation bias
Definition

accepting a hypothesis than looking for evidence to support it, insteaqd of considering other possibilities.

 

ex:

like when i am studying terms, and i guess the definition, and look before considering anything else.

Also, guessing what a picture is.  The corn shit.

 

Special case:  functional fixedness : the tendency to adhere to one single approachor a single way of using the item.

 

ex: 1, 2, 3,  instead of 2, 4 , 6

just three positive increaisng numbers.

could be 2, 4, 200 

Term
Digital Computer vs. Brain
Definition

Inorganic (Si, GaAs)
Taught
Fixed hardware
Can’t repair itself
Tool


Non-adaptive software

Organic (C, O, N)

Can teach itself

Grows own circuits

Repairs itself (somewhat)

Agent

Adaptive software

Digital ComputerBrain

Term
Deaths in United States(Year 2003)
Definition

Heart disease

685,000

Cancer557,000

Stroke158,000

Pulmonary disease126,000Hospital Infections 80,000Accidents106,000Traffic fatalities44,000Suicide31,000Falls17,000 AIDS14,000

Mad Cow Disease~1

Anthrax 0 (2 in 2001)

Term
Mental Rotation
Definition
Detecting if the objects are the same when rotated diferently
Term
Stroop Effect
Definition
The tendency to read the word instead of saying the color of the ink as instructed ex. Reading a series of colors spelled into mismatching words
Term
Change Blindness
Definition
The frequent failure to detect changes in parts of a scene ex. Changine parts of a movie set
Term
Attentional Blink
Definition
During a brief time after perceiving one stimulus, it is dificult to attend to something else ex. Just like an eye blink, don't see/perceive memory
Term
Prototype
Definition
Familiar or typical examples ex. vehicle=car, truck, boat, train ...
Term
Spreading activation
Definition
Thinking about one of the concepts shown in a figure will activate, or prime, the concepts linked to it ex. if you hear "flower", you are primed to think of rose, violet etc.
Term
Algorithm
Definition
A mechanical, repetitive procedure for solving a problem or testing every hypothesis ex. connecting computer cables one by one until it works
Term
Heuristic
Definition
Strategies for simplifying a problem and generating a satifactory guess ex. want to know which child is oldest, choose tallest
Term
Representativeness heuristic
Definition
The assumption that if an item resembles members of some category it is probably another member of that category ex. quacks, waddles=duck
Term
Base-rate information
Definition
Considering how common two categories are ex. 30 engineers vs. 70 lawyers question
Term
Availability Heuristic
Definition
The strategy of assuming that how easily one can remember examples of some kind of item indicates how common the item itself is ex. do more words start w/ k or have k as the 3rd letter?
Term
Overconfidence
Definition
Believing your estimates are closer than they actually are
Term
Confirmation bias
Definition
Accepting a hypothesis and then looking for evidence to support it, instead of considering other possilities ex. fuzzy picture 1 hurts your chances of ID picture 2 bc you've formed hypothesis
Term
Framing effects
Definition
the tendency to answer a question differently when it framed (phrased) differently
Term
Expertise
Definition
Expert knowledge and skill w/in a particular area ex. chess
Term
Identical vs. Fraternal twins
Definition
Similarities and differences - ident twins develop froma single egg= monozygotic, fraternal twins develop from 2 eggs and share half the genes = dizygotic
Term
Temperament
Definition
the tendency to be active or inactive, outgoing or reserved, and to respond vigorously or quietly to new stimuli
Term
Fretal alcohol syndrome
Definition
when mother drinks too much alc during pregnacy = baby with deformations and damages
Term
Behavioral capacities of the newborn
Definition
Newborn's vision- look longer at females faces
Newborn's hearing- suck more vigorously when aroused and certain sounds arouse them. hard to examine overall / Habituation vs. dishabituation in sucking rates - habituated= decr. response to a stimulus. Dishabituated = when a change in a stimulus increases a previously hab. response 
Term
Infant's learning and memory
Definition
infants prefer the voice of their mother which they have formed even before birth
Term
Cross sectional study
Definition

compares individuals of different ages at the same time

Example – compare the drawing abilities of 6, 8 and 10 year olds.

Term
longitudinal study
Definition

follows a single group of individuals as they develop

Example – study memory abilities at age 2 and then same kids at age 4

Term
Cohort effects
Definition
Group of people born at similar time or group who entered an organization at similar time. People who grow up at same time show similar characteristics ed. people born in different eras differ greatly

                                      

Term
Piaget's stages of child development
Definition

                                                              i.      Schemas

1.       an organized way of interacting w objects in the world

2.       Example – Infants have a grasping and a sucking schema

                                                            ii.      Assimilation

1.       applying an old schema to new objects or problems

2.       Example – a child who sees a dog move on its own may think the sun/moon is an animal bc it moves on its own as well.

                                                          iii.      Accommodation

1.      modifying an old schema to fit a new object or problem

2.       Example – child learns that only living things move on their own

                                                           iv.      Object permanence

1.      the idea that objects continue to exist even when we do not see or hear them. Infants ignore things they don’t notice and don’t even realize they’re there.

2.       Example (how it’s measured) – child knows a toy is in a location but won’t get it b/c its covered.

                                                             v.      Conservation

1.       failure to understand objects conserve such properties as number, length, volume, area and mass after changes in their shape or arrangement of the objects

Example (number, volume, mass) – pour water from one glass to another= same
Term
Piaget's 4 Stages
Definition

1) sensorimotor: birth to 1.5 yrs. Reaction to stimuli through reflexes and other responses. Little use of language, no perception of object permanence

      2) preoperational: 1.5 to 7 yrs. Develops language. Lacks concept of conservation, has trouble dist. Appearance from reality

      3) concrete operations: 7 to 11 yrs. Understands conservation. Trouble w/ abstract and hypothetical situations

            4) formal operations: 11 yrs on. Understands abstract and can strategize.
Term
Erikson's stages of social development
Definition

                                                       

                 i.      general principle – He divided life into 8 periods, each one has a task an individuals look to accomplish. Each one presents social and emotional conflicts

               ii.      Key issues in adolescence

            identity

iii.      Key issues in midlife

                                                          will I succeed as life? As a parent and a worker 

iv.      Key issues in old age

                                     Have I lived a full life or have I failed?
Term
Gender influences in cognition
Definition
Pg 190
Term
Gender Influences in Behavior
Definition
Pg. 190
Term
Birth Order Defects
Definition
First borns are said to be more successful in schoolwork and carreer accomplishments and more ambitious, honest and conscientious. Later borns are said to be more popular, independent and less onforming and less neurotic.
Term
Parenting Styles
Definition

Authoritative- parents who set high standards and impose controls ut also are warm and responsive to child's communication

Authoritarian- parents who set firm controls but they tend to be emotionally more distant from the child. They set rules without explaining the reasons behind them.  

Permissive - warm and loving but under-demanding

Indifferent or uninvolved - spend little time with their children and do little more than provide them with food and shelter  

Term
Kinsey Survey
Definition

a study of about 18000 people regarding their sexual activities and behavior p 414

Limitations- his testing sample wasn't random or representative. percentages he recorded do not generalize to other populations. 

Term
Gender Identity
Definition
The sex that a person regards themselves as being
Term
Intersexes
Definition

People with a body that appears intermediate b/t male and female

Possible results of "fixing"- not easy to tell if the child will grow to be like boy/girl 

Term
Sexual Orientation
Definition

Someone's tendency to respond sexually to male or female partners or both/neither

Possible determinants of orientation - family relatoins, early childhood experiences .. now considered to have to do with esrtogen and testosterone amounts  

Term
James Lange theory of emotions
Definition

Your interpretation of a stimulus evokes autonomic changes and sometimes muscle actions. Your perception of those changes is the feeling aspect of the emotion

Ex. you dont run away b/c your afraid, you're afraid b/c you perceive yourself running 

Term
Cognitive (Schacter-Singer's theory of emotions)
Definition

The intesity of the physiological state, that is, the degree of sympathetic nervous system arousal- determines the intesity of the emotion, but a cognitive assessment of the situation identifies the emotion

ex. p441 

Term
Polygraph
Definition
"lie-detector" - simultaneously records several indications of sympathetic nervous system arousal, such as BP, heart rate, breathing rate
Term
Individual differences in aggression
Definition
Risk factors- the main thing that causes anger is frustration. Low self-esteem can lead to higher levels of anger, mental illness is another. Others: growing up in violent neighborhood, little guilt, weak response to arousal, small prefrontal cortex and decr. rate of serotonin
Term
Positive Psychology
Definition
the study of the features that enrich life, such as happiness, hope, creativity, courage, spirituality and responsibility.
Term
Influence of wealth
Definition
people think more money = more happiness but this isn't the case. But exteme poverty does decrease happiness. You get used to the happiness associated w. high amounts of money
Term
Crying
Definition
While people think crying decreases stress, it in fact is reported to increase depression and tension
Term
Factors Promoting Friendship
Definition

Proximity: closeness. we are more likely to become friends with people we are close to in proximity ex. neighbors

Mere Exposure effect: the more often we come in contact with someone or something, the more we tend to like that person or object.

Similarity: people who are similar have more to share and relate to. As a relation between people matures, they become even more alike  ex. married couple share things such as political views

Equity theory: Social relationships are transactions in which partners exchange goods and services. people have things to offer and expect things in return. ex. in relation seeking adds people list what they have to offer and what they want 

Term
Biological view of attractiveness
Definition
Women want a man that offers long term success over good looks. Men tend to prefer a good looking woman without ambition than a woman with a promising future and mediocre looks
Term
Marriages that last (characteristics)
Definition
Couples share similar attitudes and personalities. Sexually active and little arguments. Adequate income, husband has good job and self respect. Woman wasn't previously pregnant and both their parents had successful marriages
Term
Prisoner's dilemma
Definition

a situation where people choose between a cooperative act and a competitive act that benefits themselves but hurts others.

EX. you and your best friend get arrested and taken into different rooms. If neither confesses equals 1 year each. If one confesses its 20 yrs for the other and none for you 

Term
Difusion of responsibility
Definition

we tend to feel less responsibility to act when other people are equally able to act

ex. someone below your apartment is dying and you see but don't act. 

Term
Social loafing
Definition

The tendency to not work as hard when in a group

Ex. canoeing: work harder if solo 

Term
Kohlberg's view of moral development
Definition

General principle- from infancy through adulthood, people gradually develop their tendencies toward alturistic and cooperative behavior. He says moral reasoning should be evaluatied on the basis of the reasons someone gives for a decision rather than the decision itself

EX: pg 484 

Term
Primacy effect
Definition

The first information we learn about something influences more than later information

Ex. group of people; remember those who first introduced themselves 

Term
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
Definition

Measures your reactions to combinations of two categories, such as flower and pleasant

Results - not entirely reliable but measures preferences people don't necessarily admit to 

Term
Internal attribution
Definition

Explanations based on someone's individual characteristivcs, such as attitudes, personality traits, or abilities

EX. brother walked to work because he wanted the exercise 

Term
External Attribution
Definition

explanations based on the situation, including events that presumably would influence almost anyone

ex. brother walked to work because his car broke 

Term
Fundamental attribution error
Definition

to make internal attributions for people's behavior even when we see evidence for an external influence on behavior

ex. pg 494 

Cultural difference - people in some countries rely on internal (personality) attributes while people in other countries rely on external (situational) attributes  

Term
Acor-observer effect
Definition
peole are more likely to make internal attributions for other people's behavior and more likely to make external attributions for their own
Term
Self serving biases
Definition

attributions that we adopt to maximize our credit for our success and minimize blame for our failures

EX. credit good grades to your intelligence, hard work. Blame bad grades on diff. test 

Term
Self-handicapping strategies
Definition

Where people personally put themselves at a disadvantage to provide an excuse for possible failure

ex. go to a party night before a test you know you;re going to fail as an excuse. 

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