42 Liters

The volume of wate contained in all the body's compartments

28 Liters

fluid located inside cells

14 Liters

fluid located outside cells

11 Liters

the portion that is present outside the blood and that bathes most of the cells in the body

• sensors
  • which monitor the regulated variable
• an integrating center
  • which receives signals (input) from the sensors
  • compares the regulated variable to the set point
  • orchestrates the appropriate response
• effectors
  • which receive signals (output) from the integrating center and bring about the final response 

• thermoregulation
  • achieved through adjustments in rates of metabolic heat production and heat loss

1. thermoregulartory centers in the brain
2. thermoreceptors, temperature-sensitive neurons that relay signals to the thermoregulatory centers
3. a variety of effectos including sweat glands in teh skin, skin blood vessels and skeletal muscles

• decreased sweat production
  • which reduces evaporative heat loss
• decreased blood flow to skin
  • which reduces conductive and radiative heat loss
• shivering
  • which inceases heat production

The combined effect of these effector responses acts to raise body temperature back toward the set point

• 4 phases
  • G0 - the cell is carrying out its functions that are unlated to cell division
  • G1 - cell starts showing signs of an upcoming cell divdision - increase protein synthesis
  • S - DNA replacation occurs - paired chromosomes
  • G2 - rapid protein synthesis, cell enters cell division

• DNA has been replicated and condensed to chromosomes
• chromosome are linked together at a structure called the centromere
• centriole pairs start moving to opposite poles of teh cell
• mitotic spindle develops

• muclear envelope breaks down
• nucleolus is no longer visible
• centrioles are at opposite poles of teh cell
• chromosomes link at their centromeres to the spindle fibers

• chromosomes are aligned in a plane at the middle of the cell

• sister chromatid pairs seperate
• chromosomes move along the mitotic spindle toward opposite poles of the cell

• nuclear envelope develope on the two sides of the cell
• chromosomes begin to decondense to chromatin
• mitotic spindle begins breaking down

• the process in which RNA is synthesized using information contained in the DNA, and it occurs in the nucleus
• RNA polymerase
• RNA polymerase binds to promoter
• DNA uncoils and separates
• Free RNA nucletide aligns and is added to new RNA strand - RNA synthesis begins
• RNA polymerase moves down DNA - RNA elongates
• Elongation