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| consists of inflammatory words (or thoughts) followed by a "conclusion"of some sort. It substitutes anger for reason and judgement in considering an issue. |
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| blaming a certain group of people, or even a single person, for all of life's troubles. |
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| trying to scare people into doing something or accepting a position. A special case of scare tactics is known as an argument by force |
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| when feeling sorry for someone drives us to a position on an unrelated matter. |
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| when we find fault wwith a person because of envy. Ex: "Well he may have a lot of money but he certainly has bad manners." |
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| pride can lead us to exaggerate our own accomplishments and abilities and lead to our making other irrelevant judgements as well, via this rhetorical device. |
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| eliciting feelings of guilt to get others to do or not to do something, or to accept the view that they should or should not do something. |
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| when we accept or urge acceptance (or rejection) of a claim simply because it would be pleasant (or unpleasant) if it were true. Ex: Some people may believe in God simply on the basis of wishful thinking or desire for an afterlife. |
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| accepting a claim not because of its merits but because we will gain someone's approval ( or will avoid having approval withdrawn). |
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| happens when one substitutes pride of membership in a group for reason and deliberation in arriving at a position on an issue. |
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| a powerful and fierce emotion that can lead to blind endorsement of a country's policies and practices. |
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| using a false pretext in order to satisfy our desires or interests. |
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